Electrolytes 1- SG Flashcards

1
Q

What labs need to be ordered separately?

A

Magnesium & Phosphate

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2
Q
  • Total body water is __% of total body weight.
  • Intracellular Fluid Compartment (ICF) is ___ of body water
  • Extracellular Fluid Compartment (ECF) is ___ of body water.
A
  • TBW: 60%
  • ICF: 2/3
  • ECF: 1/3
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3
Q
  • Total body water for infants is ___% of total body weight.
  • Total body water for elderly is ___% of total body weight.
A
  • 80%
  • 45%
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4
Q

Does a lean or an obese individual have a higher percentage of total body water?

A

Lean = 60%

Obese = 30%

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5
Q

TIE : 60/40/20

A
  • Total body fluid = 60% total body weight
  • Intracellular = 40% of total body weight
  • Extracellular = 20% of total body weight
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6
Q

Definition:

  • Total solute concentration in a fluid compartment
  • What 3 solutes determine the calculated value of the ECF?
  • Which solute is most important?
A

Osmolality

  • Sodium (most important)
  • Glucose
  • Urea
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7
Q
  • Normal range for Osmolality is 280-295mOsm/kg
  • Symptoms occur if >____ mmOsm/kg
A

>320

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8
Q

What are 4 other “osmotically active” substances that aren’t included in the calculated osmolality?

A
  • Mannitol (& other proteins)
  • Ethanol
  • Methanol
  • Ethylene glycol (antifreeze)
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9
Q
  • A normal osmolal gap is
  • A high osmolal gap is >___
A
  • 10
  • 10
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10
Q

Definition:

  • the ability of the combined effect of all of the solutes to generate an osmotic driving force that causes water movement from one compartment to another
A

Tonicity

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11
Q
  • To increase ECF tonicity, a solute must be confined to the _____ (unable to cross from ECF to ICF).
  • ____ easily crosses cell membranes and therefore distributes evenly throughout total body water (so it contributes to ____, but NOT ____)
A
  • ECF compartment
  • Urea (contributes to osmolality, but NOT tonicity)
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12
Q
  • The reason why we care about tonicity is because it affects ____
  • Decreased ___, leads to decreased tonicity of ECF, which causes a shift of water from ECF to ICF, which leads to _________.
A
  • the size of cells
  • Na / cells swelling w/ extra water (including brain cells)
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13
Q
  • The total amount of ___ in the ECF is the major determinant of the size of ECFV (extracellular fluid volume)
A

Na

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14
Q
  • Increased Na & increased ECFV
A

Hypervolemia

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15
Q
  • Decreased Na & Decreased ECFV
A

Hypovolemia

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16
Q

Serum ___ is the principle cation in the ___ where 90-95% of total body __ is located.

A

Na / sodium

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17
Q

Serum ___ (lab value) primarily refers to the amount of water relative to __ in the ECF.

(NOT the total body __ amount)

A

Na

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18
Q
  • Abnormal serum Na is a sign of ______.
  • If Na is high, water is ___. (relative)
  • If Na is low, water is ____. (relative)
A
  • A disorder of water regulation
  • too little
  • too much
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19
Q

With any sodium disorder, it is REALLY important to determine _____.

A

the patient’s volume status

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20
Q

Clinical volume status is proportional to the size of ____.

A

the ECFV (extracellular fluid volume)

21
Q

5 causes of Hypovolemia

A
  • GI losses (bleed, NG suction, V/D)
  • Renal losses
    • (diuretics cause salt & water loss)
    • (diabetes insipidus causes water loss)
  • Skin losses (sweat, burns)
  • Sequestration w/o loss
    • intestinal obstruction, pancreatitis, rhabdomyolysis
  • Hemorrhage/bleeding
22
Q

Signs of what?

  • CNS depression
  • Weakness / muscle cramps
  • Decreased BP / postural hypotension
  • Dizziness
  • Increased pulse / postural pulse increase
A

Hypovolemia

23
Q

What are the top 2 causes of Hypervolemia?

A

Liver disease & Heart failure

24
Q

The following are causes of what?

  • Acute/Chronic renal failure
  • Nephrotic syndrome
  • Primary hyperaldosteronism
  • Cushing’s syndrome
  • Pregnancy
A

Hypervolemia

25
Q

Clinical Features of what?

  • Edema
  • SOB
  • Orthopnea
  • Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
  • Jugular venous distension
  • Hepatojugular reflux
  • Crackles on pulmonary exam
A

Hypervolemia

26
Q

Water retention is influenced by what 2 things?

A
  • Thirst
  • ADH (antidiuretic hormone) (vasopressin)
27
Q

Salt retention is influenced by what?

A

Renin-Angiotensin system

  • Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
  • Catecholamines
  • Renal function (GFR), renal blood flow
28
Q

ADH is produced by the _____, then transported to the _____, from which it is released into the bloodstream.

A

hypothalamus / posterior pituitary

29
Q

Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)

  • Aldosterone has what 2 actions?
A
  • Increase renal sodium reabsorption (Na retention)
  • Increase renal potassium secretion (K excretion)

(Keeps Na and gets rid of K)

30
Q
  • What is the most common electrolyte abnormality in hospitalized patients
  • Can be acute or chronic
A
  • Hyponatremia
31
Q

Hyponatremia

  • Most common in what age groups?
  • Can be seen in associated with which 2 conditions?
  • What should you always look up if pt has this?
  • The faster the Na decreases, the _____.
A
  • Very young / very old
  • Pulmonary Disease or CNS disorders
  • Baseline sodium
  • more severe the sxs
32
Q

What condition would have “neuro” or vague sxs?

  • HA / dizziness
  • N/V
  • Lethargy
  • Weakness
  • Confusion
  • Hypoventilation, respiratory arrest
  • Seizures*******
  • Coma
A

Hyponatremia

33
Q

With treating hyponatremia, the goal is to prevent what 2 outcomes?

A

Seizures & Coma

34
Q

What are the 5 types of Hyponatremia?

A
  • Causes:
    • Pseudohyponatremia
    • Redistributive hyponatremia
  • Determining volume status is important:
    • Hypovolemic hyponatremia
    • Hypervolemic hyponatremia
    • Euvolemic hyponatremia
35
Q
  • Falsely low serum sodium
  • Serum Na <135, but with NORMAL osmolality (isoosmolar)
  • Occurs w/ what 2 conditions?
  • It is a laboratory artifact
  • If this is suspected, speak to lab about more specialized tests to confirm true sodium level….
A

Pseudohyponatremia

36
Q

What is the most common cause of Redistributive Hyponatremia?

A

Hyperglycemia

37
Q

What condition?

  • Hyperosmolar state
  • Caused by osmotically active solutes in extracellular space that draw H20 from cell diluting serum sodium concentration
  • Increased glucose in ECF causes shift of water from ICF to ECF thus lowering serum Na
A

Redistributive Hyponatremia

“relative hyponatremia”

38
Q

What are the 4 renal losses which lead to Hypovolemic Hyponatremia?

A
  • Diuretics
  • Osmotic diuresis
  • Addison’s disease
  • Hyperaldosteronism
39
Q

3 causes of non-renal losses for Hypovolemic Hypnatremia

A
  • External GI: V/D, NG suction, fistula
  • Internal GI: pancreatitis, peritonitis
  • Burns
40
Q

Treatment of Hypovolemic Hyponatremia

A
  • Replace fluid losses w/ isotonic fluid (normal saline)
  • Treat underlying cause
41
Q

3 causes of Hypervolemic Hyponatremia

A
  • Hepatic cirrhosis
  • CHF
  • Renal failure
42
Q

Treatment for Hypervolemic Hyponatremia

A
  • Diuretics
  • Dialysis
  • Fluid restriction
43
Q

4 causes of Euvolemic Hyponatremia

A
  • SIADH (Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion)
  • Psychogenic polydipsia (urine maximally dilute)
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Adrenal Insufficiency
44
Q

Treatment for Euvolemic Hyponatremia

A
  • Fluid restriction
  • Treat underlying cause
45
Q

What condition?

  • Impairs free water excretion, but Na continues to be excreted normally
  • Hallmark finding: Concentrated urine w/ low serum osmolality & euvolemia**
  • Often occurs in hospital setting
  • Associated w/ what? **
A

SIADH (Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion)

  • Small cell lung cancer
46
Q

How is SIADH diagnosed?

A
  • Check urine (high osmolality)
  • Check serum (low osmolality)
  • Get CT / MRI of head to check for CNS disorder
  • Get CXR to check for lung tumor/infection
  • Review all pts meds
47
Q

Treatment of SIADH

A
  • Fluid restriction
  • Tx of underlying pathology
  • If refractory case:
    • Hypertonic saline
    • Demeclocycline
    • Urea
    • Lithium
    • Vaptan
48
Q
A