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EKG Technician > Electrocardiogram Technician: Module 2 > Flashcards

Electrocardiogram Technician: Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

In the center of the chest between the lung and is protected by sternum and rib cage. Heart ways about 10 ounces and give the entire body blood.

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2
Q

What is the normal heart beat per minute?

A

Heart beats between 60 - 100 times per minute. This totals 5 liters of blood per minute.

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3
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

A protective, outer layer that surrounds the heart.

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4
Q

How many and what are the components of the pericardium?

A

The pericardium is made of two components.

The thicker outer layer that protects the heart from infection.

A fluid area in the pericardial space (area between pericardium and heart itself) that protects from getting injured by impact.

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5
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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6
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

The outermost layer of the heart and provides more protection.

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7
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

The middle, most muscular layer of the heart. It is where the heart creates contractions.

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8
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

The inner, most smooth layer of the heart. It is what lines the surfaces of the chambers of the heart.

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9
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle

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10
Q

Which side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood?

A

Right Atrium and Right Ventricle

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11
Q

Which side of the heart receives oxygenated blood?

A

Left Atrium and Left Ventricle

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12
Q

Deoxygenated blood moves from —–

A

Right atrium from the body to right ventricle.

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13
Q

Oxygenated blood moves from ——.

A

Lungs to left atrium to left ventricle to rest of body

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14
Q

Which one way, never backwards valve prevents backflow of blood from right ventricles to right atrium?

A

The tricuspid valve

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15
Q

Which one way, never backwards valve prevents backflow of blood from left ventricle to left atrium?

A

The mitral or bicuspid valve?

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16
Q

Which one way, never backwards valve prevents backflow of blood from right ventricle to pulmonary arteries?

A

Pulmonary semilunar valve

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17
Q

Which one way, never backwards valve prevents backflow of blood from aorta to left ventricle?

A

Aortic semilunar valve

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18
Q

What are the four major parts of the circulatory system?

A

Heart
Blood
Blood Vessels
Lungs or Lymphatic system

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19
Q

What are the three types of blood cells and functions?

A

Red Blood Cells: Carries oxygen to cell in the body

White Blood Cells: Help fight infections and aids in immune system process.

Platelets: Helps with blood clotting

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20
Q

What are the blood vessels used in the flow of blood from heart to body?

A

Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
aorta

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21
Q

What are veins and arteries?

A

90% of veins take deoxygenated blood to the heart except pulmonary veins

90% of arteries take oxygenated blood away from the heart except pulmonary arteries.

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22
Q

What are pulmonary arteries and veins?

A

Takes deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs to be oxygenated.

Takes oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium.

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23
Q

What is the vena cava?

A

The largest veins in the body connected directly to the heart

Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava

Superior vena cava: Carries deoxygenated blood from upper body to right atrium

Inferior vena cava: Carries deoxygenated lower body to right atrium.

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24
Q

What is the aorta?

A

Largest artery in the body that carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to entire body.

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25
Q

What are coronary arteries?

A

Arteries that supply oxygenated blood to the heart

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26
Q

What are the two main types of circulation throughout the body?

A

The two main types of circulation is pulmonary circulation and systematic circulation.

Pulmonary circulation is where blood goes to lungs to be oxygenated

Systematic circulation is when blood goes to rest of body to receive nutrients and give it to other body systems.

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27
Q

What is portal circulation?

A

flow of nutrient rich blood via the portal vein between gut and liver.

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28
Q

What are the two phases of the heart?

A

Systole: Contraction phase
Diastole: Relaxation phase

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29
Q

What occurs when the heart is in diastole phase?

A

Diastole is the relaxation phase of the heart. Either the atriums or ventricles are receiving blood. Filling up with blood.

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30
Q

During the diastole phase, if the atriums are relaxing then

A

they are either receiving blood from body/vena cavas or pulmonary veins.

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31
Q

During the diastole phase, if the ventricles are relaxing then

A

they are either receiving blood from right or left atrium.

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32
Q

What occurs when the heart is in systole phase?

A

Systole is the contracting phase of the heart. Either the atriums or ventricles are pushing blood out.

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33
Q

During the systole phase, if the atriums are contracting then

A

they are pushing blood to the ventricles.

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34
Q

During the systole phase, if the ventricles are contracting then

A

they are pushing blood to lungs or aorta/body.

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35
Q

When atriums contracts

A

ventricles relax

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36
Q

When ventricles relax

A

atriums contract

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37
Q

The ability for the heart to create its own electrical impulse

A

Automaticity

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38
Q

What is conductivity?

A

The ability for heart cells to receive and move electrical impulses

39
Q

The ability for the heart to respond to an electrical impulse

A

Excitability

40
Q

What is contractability?

A

Then heart’s ability to to shorten in response to electrical impulse generated.

41
Q

What does the nervous system do? What are the two parts of the nervous system?

A

Regulate the speed of the heart

Two parts of nervous system are: The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

42
Q

What is the sympathetic system of the nervous system?

A

the part of the nervous system that increases heart rate in response to epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline).

Increases heart rate when you scared or stressed.

43
Q

What is the parasympathetic system of the nervous system?

A

The part of the nervous system that decreases heart rate by way of the vague nerve.

44
Q

What is the conduction system of the heart?

A

a system created by specialized muscle cells found in the heart’s walls that send signals to rest of heart to contract.

45
Q

What are the parts of the conduction system of the heart?

A

SA node
AV node
bundle of HIS
bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

46
Q

What is the sinoatrial node (SA node)?

A

The first part of the conduction system of the heart located in upper portion of right atrium

THE SA node provides electrical current for the heart. It is the heart’s natural pacemaker.

47
Q

How many heart beats per minute does the SA node conduct?

A

60-100 beats per minute

48
Q

1 impulse is equal to

A

1 heartbeat

49
Q

Normal conduction and rhythm begins

A

in the SA node

50
Q

What is the Atrioventricular node (AV node)?

A

This node is the second part of the conduction system of the heart located on the floor of right atrium.

Main function is the act as a regulator causing small delays in blood flow so that ventricles can fill with blood.

AV Node sends electrical activity to HIS bundles/AV bundles to proceed with the ventricle contraction process.

51
Q

Once ventricles are ready to contract and push blood out

A

The AV node will release an electrical impulse.

52
Q

When does the AV node act as a pacemaker?

A

If SA node is damaged or not functioning properly.

53
Q

How many beats per minute can the AV node produce as a pacemaker?

A

40 -60 beats per minute.

54
Q

What is the bundle of HIS?

A

This is the third part of the conduction system. Also known as the AV bundle, the bundle of HIS, is located next to the AV node.

The main function of the bundle of HIS is to provide a pathway for electrical impulses to travel to the ventricles.

The bundle of HIS/AV Bundle sends electrical impulse to bundle branches to proceed with the ventricular contraction process.

55
Q

The bundle branches run through

A

the interventricular septum which is a septum that divides the left and right sides of the heart.

56
Q

What is the main function of the bundle branches?

A

This is the fourth part of the conduction system.

Main function of bundle branches is to move the electrical impulse to the purkenje fibers for ventricular contraction.

57
Q

What is the prukenje fibers?

A

The fifth and final part of the heart’s conduction system. They are located on the inner ventricular walls.

Main function of purkenje fibers is to be the final path for electrical activity to travel for ventricular contraction

58
Q

Purkenje Fibers can act as

A

a back up pacemaker if SA or AV nodes are not working.

59
Q

How many beats per minute do purkenje fibers generate?

A

20 - 40 beats per minute

60
Q

What is depolarization of the heart?

A

The state of stimulation or electrical impulse right before chambers of the heart is about to contract.

61
Q

What is the most important electrical event?

A

When heart cells become stimulated and heart contracts.

62
Q

What is repolarization of the heart?

A

The state of recovery for the heart, this is when heart cells/a chambers of the heart return to resting state.

This relaxed state allows for other chambers of the heart to depolarize and fill with blood.

63
Q

What is ECG Waveform?

A

Recording of the electrical impulses of the heart. Roadmap of electrical activity of the heart

64
Q

What are the types of deflections found in waveforms?

A

Positive
Negative
Isoelectric (neutral)

65
Q

What is positive deflections?

A

Upwards deflection when electrical activity travels towards electrodes placed on patients.

66
Q

When electrical activity travels from the electrodes placed on patients

A

Negative (downward) deflection

67
Q

What is a neutral/isoelectric deflection?

A

Also known as baseline is a misnomer, it is a flatline where no electrical activity occurs.

68
Q

What are the waves found on the waveforms?

A

P waves
Q waves
R waves
S waves
T waves
U waves

69
Q

The first positive deflection in an ECG waveform

A

P wave

70
Q

In normal sinus rhythm, which wave is the smallest and indicates atrial depolarization?

A

P wave

71
Q

What is the PR segment?

A

the flat, usually isoelectric segment between the end of the P wave and the start of the QRS complex

72
Q

What is the PR interval?

A

The beginning of the P wave to the start of the QRS complex or the Q wave.

Normal length of time IS 0.12 to 0.20 seconds and should be constant for normal rhythm.

73
Q

What does the Q wave represent?

A

The electrical activity travelling down the interventricular septum. It is the first negative deflection before the R wave and sometimes cannot be seen

74
Q

The first positive deflection of the QRS complex and is the tallest wave.

A

R wave

75
Q

First negative deflection after the R wave and represents electricity traveling through both ventricles.

A

S wave

76
Q

The R wave represents

A

conduction of electrical impulses to the left ventricle.

77
Q

A complex or interval that represents complete ventricular depolarization or complete ventricular contraction

A

QRS Complex/Interval

78
Q

What is the ST Segment?

A

The end of S Wave to beginning of T wave.

79
Q

Represents the end of ventricular depolarization to start of ventricular repolarization.

A

ST Segment

80
Q

Why is it important to watch out for elevated ST segment?

A

It can indicate a heart attack, STEMI (ST elevated myocardial infraction).

Tall T-waves (also called hyper-acute T waves) can be an early sign of ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

81
Q

ST Interval represents

A

The ST interval represents the initial, slow phase of ventricular repolarization.

82
Q

What does the T wave represent?

A

Ventricular repolarization or ventricular recovery.

83
Q

Normal T wave has what type of deflection?

A

Positive (upward deflection), same as P and R.

84
Q

Start of Q wave to end of T wave indicating completion of ventricular depolarization and repolarization. Complete ventricular activity.

A

QT interval

85
Q

The repolarization of the purkinje fibers is represented by

A

The U wave

86
Q

True or False: U wave is not seen on all ECGs, but can indicate different conditions

A

True

87
Q

What are two conditions that an U wave can indicate?

A

Myocardial damage due to heart attack

Electrolyte imbalance

Two different conditions from same wavelength. Once a U wave is seen, doctors can do more tests.

88
Q

Which wave is the easiest to locate because it is the tallest?

A

R wave

89
Q

What is the R-R interval?

A

The time between two successive R waves.

90
Q

R-R interval measures

A

Heart rate and regularity of ventricular depolarization.

91
Q

What is the J point or Junction Point?

A

The point where the QRS complex joins the ST segment

92
Q

What does the J point represent?

A

A solidified end to ventricular depolarization

93
Q

What are T wave abnormalities

A

variations of normal cardiac electrophysiology of the T wave

Some T waves abnormalities are:

T wave Inversions
ST depression
ST elevation

EKG Technician (8 decks)

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