electrical stimulation intro and physics

Question 1

clinical application of E stim

Answer 1

• activate skeletal muscle
• pain modulation
• improve blood flow
• prevent or reduce edema
• facilitate tissue healing

Question 2

ampere

Answer 2

• rate of electrical current flow
• 1 amp = 1 coulomb
• most modalities are measured in milliamperes (mA)

Question 3

the force driving electrons resulting form a different in electron population (PE)

Answer 3

voltage

Question 4

measure of lyrical energy or power

Answer 4

watt

Question 5

higher potential flows of electrons to

Answer 5

lower potential

Question 6

potential difference is

Answer 6

higher potential - lower potential

Question 7

the opposition to electron flow in a conducting material

Answer 7

resistance (electrical impedance)
- measured in Ohm

Question 8

a material that permits free movement of electrons (provides little resistance to current)

Answer 8

conductor

Question 9

a material that resist current flow, or contain relatively fewer free electrons (plastic)

Answer 9

insulator

Question 10

more electrons move in the reaction of

Answer 10

least resistance

Question 11

currents and waveforms are modifications of two fundamental electrical currents

Answer 11

• direct current
• alternating current

Question 12

most common form of current used in electrotherapy is

Answer 12

pulsed current or pulsatile current

Question 13

the shape, magnitude and duration of the current

Answer 13

current waveform

Question 14

x axis

Answer 14

time or duration characteristic of current
- isometric line

Question 15

y axis

Answer 15

magnitude or intensity

Question 16

above and below isometric line

Answer 16

above = positive
below = negative

Question 17

Direct current (DC)

Answer 17

• continuous unidirectional and uninterrupted flow of electrons for at least 1 sec
• square wave form that was unidirectional for > 1 second

Question 18

cathode

Answer 18

negatively charged electrode

Question 19

anode

Answer 19

positively charged electrode

Question 20

forms of direct current

Answer 20

• direct current
• interrupted DC
• Reversed DC
• interrupted reversed DC

Question 21

units of measurements

Answer 21

intensity (mA) and time (min) = dosage for iontophoresis

Question 22

alternating current

Answer 22

• uninterrupted bidirectional flow of ions or electrons must change direction at least one timer per second
  -sinosoidal wave pattern

Question 23

burst modulated AC =

Answer 23

Russian

Question 24

amplitude modulated AC =

Answer 24

interferential current

Question 25

Current frequency: Current Amp:

Answer 25

- hertz - milliamp

Question 26

pulsed current

Answer 26

unidirectional or bidirectional current that periodically ceases for a period of time

Question 27

pulse

Answer 27

an isolated electrical event separated from the next by a period of time termed (interpose interval)

Question 28

types and shapes of pulled current

Answer 28

- monophonic biphasic

Question 29

direction of current flow for a short period of time

Answer 29

phase

Question 30

duty cycle

Answer 30

on time - ex 10 sec on 50 sec off, continuous

Question 31

amplitude

Answer 31

amount of current (think more voltage)

Question 32

ramp time

Answer 32

build up or down time to full amplitude - > ramp time increases comfort for the patient - can affect total amount of current delivered to patient

Question 33

units

Answer 33

- pulse dduration/width: microseconds - pulse rate/freq: pulses per second (PPS) - amplitude: milliamp (mA)

Question 34

charge delivered within one phase of a pulse

Answer 34

phase charge

Question 35

cumulative charge of all phases within a single pulse

Answer 35

pulse charge

Question 36

net charge within the tissues =

Answer 36

cumulative charge left in patient's body

Question 37

if we have either a positive or negative build up of charge, this could be....

Answer 37

potentially damaging to the patient tissues

Question 38

build up of charge would occur with

Answer 38

- DC - Monophonic pulsed current - symmetrical vs asymmetrical unbalance biphasic current

Question 39

magnitude of the elctrophysological response or electrotherapeutic effect is largely influenced by

Answer 39

the Toal amount of current delivered

Question 40

strength duration curve

Answer 40

inverse relationship between current strength (mA) and current duration in stimulation muscles and nerve

Question 41

minimum current amplitude with a long pulse duration to create an action potential

Answer 41

rheobase

Question 42

minimum time or duration it takes to stimulate the tissues at twice the rheobase

Answer 42

chronaxie

Question 43

neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)

Answer 43

- activation skeletal muscle for neuromuscular reeducation or strengthening - Russian with a post op ACL patient for quad strengthening

Question 44

functional electrical stimulation (FES)

Answer 44

- activation of skeletal muscle for re-education or movement training for functional use - stimulation of the anterior tibia's or fibula's muscle group for a patient who has drop foot as a result of a stroke

Question 45

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

Answer 45

ES for modulation of pain

Question 46

clinical application of ES

Answer 46

- activate skeletal muscle (neuromuscular reeducation or strengthening) - alleviate pain - improve blood flow - prevent or reduce edema - facilitate tissue healing (wound healing)