Elbow, Wrist, & Hand

Question 1

On the medial and lateral distal end of the humerus it flares out and this area is known as the medial and lateral _____ (also known as pillars). When you think of pillars you think of support and holding forces from collapsing.

Answer 1

condyles

Question 2

At the end of the condyles are the medial and lateral ____.

Answer 2

epicondyles

Question 3

The (distal/proximal) end of the humerus inclines anteriorly and that incline anteriorly is essential for full range of motion.

Answer 3

distal

Question 4

On the anterior surface of the humerus, we have the ____ fossa which is on the medial side and we have the ____ fossa on the lateral side.

Answer 4

coronoid; radial

Question 5

• On the anterior surface of the distal humerus we have the articular surfaces of the elbow and on the lateral side we have the _____ that looks kind of like a ball.

Answer 5

Capitellum

Question 6

On the anterior surface of the distal humerus we have the articular surfaces of the elbow and on the medial side we have this hour glass shaped figure called the ____.

Answer 6

trochlea

Question 7

The ___ fossa is on the posterior aspect of the distal humerus.

Answer 7

olecranon

Question 8

There is a little groove next to the trochlea on the medial side called the _____ groove which is where the ulnar nerves run.

Answer 8

ulnar

Question 9

The most proximal process on the ulna is the _____ process which has a pointy protrusion on the posterior aspect (the point of your elbow).

Answer 9

olecranon

Question 10

From an anterior view/surface, the olecranon process makes up on one half of the ____ notch.

Answer 10

trochlear

Question 11

On the most proximal end on the ulna there is a process called the ____ process which makes up the other half of the trochlear notch.

Answer 11

coronoid

Question 12

The _____ notch is the semi-circle between the olecranon process and the coronoid process and this notch is where the distal humerus sits.

Answer 12

trochlear

Question 13

The ____ sits in the trochlear notch.

Answer 13

trochlea

Question 14

There is an important ridge running down the olecranon process and up the coronoid process. The ridge inside the _____ notch sits in the groove of the trochlea and that geometric congruity between the two bones facilitates motion in the (frontal/sagittal) plane.

Answer 14

trochlear; sagittal

Question 15

The ____ notch is where the radius articulates on the forearm

Answer 15

radial

Question 16

The proximal epiphysis of the radius has what is called the radial head and the entire surface of this radial head is covered in ____ cartilage which is hyaline cartilage.

Answer 16

articular

Question 17

The neck of the radius is (smaller/larger) in circumference than the radial head itself.

Answer 17

smaller

Question 18

There is a roughened area on the anteromedial side of the radius called the ____ tuberosity.

Answer 18

radial

Question 19

The sharp ridge coming down the anterior surface of the radius is an attachment site to the ____ membrane.

Answer 19

interosseous

Question 20

The ulnar tuberosity is an attachment for the ____ .

Answer 20

brachialis

Question 21

There is a ridge running down both the ulna and the radius, it is an attachment point for the _____ membrane.

Answer 21

interosseous

Question 22

The distal end of the radius flares out and the flare is more to the dorsal side and more to the lateral side. The flare creates half of the surface of the ____ joint and creates what is called a biconcave joint which is a synovial joint.

Answer 22

radiocarpal

Question 23

On the cubital fossa, forming the superior part of the triangle is an imaginary line from the _____ to the ____ .

Answer 23

medial epicondyle to the lateral epicondyle

Question 24

On the cubital fossa, running medially is the ______ muscle, running laterally is the _____ muscle.

Answer 24

pronator teres; brachioradialis

Question 25

• Inside on the floor of the cubital fossa is the _____ muscle coming down to the forearm and attaching to the ulnar tuberosity and just lateral to it is the _____ muscle.

Answer 25

brachialis; supinator

Question 26

What runs in the cubital fossa apart from the muscles discussed?

Answer 26

Blood vessels and nerves

Question 27

When you flex the elbow all the way, the ____ ____ goes into the coronoid fossa, just like the radial head attaches laterally to the capitellum and it is going to go up and bump into the radial fossa.

Answer 27

coronoid process

Question 28

The trochlea and the trochlear notch dictates motion of the ____ joint because it has that ridge and sits in a groove, locks it in place, makes it very stringent to a single plane.

Answer 28

elbow

Question 29

There is a (soft/hard) end feel between the biceps brachii, the brachialis, and the forearm muscles.

Answer 29

soft

Question 30

In extension of the elbow there is a (bony/soft) end feel because it is bone against bone.

Answer 30

bony

Question 31

The elbow joint is a ____ joint.

Answer 31

synovial

Question 32

The elbow joint capsule is pretty (large/small).

Answer 32

large

Question 33

What joints makeup the elbow?

Answer 33

The ulnohumeral joint, radiohumeral joint, & the proximal radioulnar joint

Question 34

The elbow joint capsule surrounds (all/half) of the joints that makeup the elbow

Answer 34

all

Question 35

There is a (loose/tight) elbow joint capsule anteriorly and posteriorly.

Answer 35

loose

Question 36

The loose elbow joint capsule anteriorly allows us to get to full (extension/flexion), the loose joint capsule posteriorly allows us to get to full (flexion/extension).

Answer 36

extension; flexion

Question 37

The anterior elbow joint capsule will only be put on tension during full (extension/flexion). The posterior elbow joint capsule will be put on tension during full (flexion/extension).

Answer 37

extension; flexion

Question 38

Medially and laterally the elbow joint capsule is under tension and it is reinforced medially and laterally by (ligaments/tendons)

Answer 38

ligaments

Question 39

The elbow joint is pretty much a (hinge/saddle) joint and its’ goal is to keep it in the (frontal/sagittal) plane.

Answer 39

hinge; sagittal

Question 40

The ____ joint is the only joint in the body where you have muscle fibers going over the joint capsule and is pretty much attached to the anterior capsule. This is important because when someone fractures or dislocates their elbow they are at very high risk for a flexion contracture of their elbow and we hypothesize that there must be something in relation to the brachialis muscle articulating with the anterior capsule.

Answer 40

elbow

Question 41

How many flexors are in the anterior compartment of the arm?

Answer 41

3

Question 42

How many extensors are in the posterior compartment of the arm?

Answer 42

2

Question 43

The main extensor in the posterior compartment of the arm is the ____ and the other extensor is the ____ .

Answer 43

triceps brachii; anconeus

Question 44

The ____ nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the arm

Answer 44

radial

Question 45

The _____ nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the arm

Answer 45

musculocutaneous

Question 46

Based on the triceps being on the posterior compartment of the arm you should automatically know that they are innervated by the _____ nerve

Answer 46

radial

Question 47

Based on the brachialis being on the anterior compartment of the arm you should automatically know that they are innervated by the _____ nerve

Answer 47

musculocutaneous

Question 48

The medial collateral ligament of the elbow is also known as the ___ collateral ligament.

Answer 48

ulnar

Question 49

Pitchers end up with (ucl/lcl ) injuries more than any other athlete.

Answer 49

ucl

Question 50

The ulnar collateral ligament is an important ligament for (stability/mobility) of the elbow.

Answer 50

stability

Question 51

The ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow has how many bands? Name them.

Answer 51

3; The anterior band, posterior band, & a transverse band

Question 52

The ulnar collateral ligament’s apex is on the (medial/lateral) epicondyle of the elbow.

Answer 52

medial

Question 53

The anterior band of the ulnar collateral ligament runs to the ___ process

Answer 53

coronoid

Question 54

The posterior band of the ulnar collateral ligament runs to the _____ process.

Answer 54

olecranon

Question 55

The transverse band of the ulnar collateral ligament runs between the ____ process and the ____ process.

Answer 55

coronoid; olecranon

Question 56

The ___ collateral ligament is interesting because most ligaments run from one bone to another while the ulnar collateral ligament runs from one part of a bone to another part of a bone.

Answer 56

ulnar

Question 57

The ulnar collateral ligament is under tension throughout the range of motion, it is under greater tension in elbow (extension/flexion) than it is in elbow (flexion/extension).

Answer 57

extension; flexion

Question 58

The (ulnar/radial) collateral ligament is an attachment site for the forearm flexor muscle mass.

Answer 58

ulnar

Question 59

The innervation of the forearm in the ulnar collateral ligament area is the distal branches of the ____nerve or the ___ nerve.

Answer 59

median; ulnar

Question 60

The lateral collateral ligament is also known as the ___ collateral ligament.

Answer 60

radial

Question 61

The distal end of the lateral collateral ligament does not attach to a bone, it attaches to the ___ ligament.

Answer 61

annular

Question 62

The lateral ulnar collateral ligament is attaching to the ___

Answer 62

ulna

Question 63

The lateral collateral ligament is a complex composed of what two ligaments?

Answer 63

The lateral collateral ligament and the lateral ulnar collateral ligament

Question 64

The (lateral/medial) collateral ligament is an attachment site for the lateral forearm muscles.

Answer 64

lateral

Question 65

Out of all of the elbow joints, only one is in the elbow and that is the _____ joint.

Answer 65

proximal radioulnar

Question 66

Between the radius and the ulna is the ____ membrane.

Answer 66

interosseous

Question 67

The proximal radioulnar joint has the (concave/convex) radial notch making contact with the (convex/concave) radial head.

Answer 67

concave; convex

Question 68

The ____ ligament goes around the radial head.

Answer 68

annular

Question 69

The ___ ligament runs from the anterior surface of the radial notch all the way around to the posterior edge of the radial notch. It is not a complete circle, but it laps around the radius.

Answer 69

annular

Question 70

There is a (larger/smaller) circumference of the annular ligament proximally than distally creating a funnel shape

Answer 70

larger

Question 71

That funnel created by the larger circumference of the annular ligament proximally allows for the larger radial head to stay in position on the radial notch of the ulna because the radial head is too (big/small) to get down to the narrower part of the funnel.

Answer 71

big

Question 72

The annular ligament (does not/does) attach to the radius.

Answer 72

does not

Question 73

The annular ligament is made up of dense (regular/irregular) connective tissue.

Answer 73

regular

Question 74

The radial notch is covered with ____ cartilage which is hyaline cartilage.

Answer 74

articular

Question 75

The radial head is covered in _____ cartilage.

Answer 75

hyaline

Question 76

The annular ligament is part ____cartilage and inside the annular ligament there is a ____ lining that the hyaline cartilage on the radial head rubs against which is there to prevent the hyaline cartilage from getting caught in the shearing of tissue on the ligament.

Answer 76

hyaline; synovial

Question 77

The interosseous membrane between the ___ and ____ is there to support the orientation of the two bones together.

Answer 77

radius and ulna

Question 78

The radial head sits in the ____ ligament against the radial notch of the ulna and it can’t move other than spinning in place.

Answer 78

annular

Question 79

The concave surface of the ulnar ___ of the radius will go into pronation and supination and the distal radius will wrap around the ulna.

Answer 79

notch

Question 80

What bony structure can help you to determine the anterior/posterior orientation of the hand?

Answer 80

The hamate

Question 81

We have two rows of carpal bones each with ___ bones in them

Answer 81

four

Question 82

Name the carpal bones in the proximal row of the wrist joint from radial to ulnar

Answer 82

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and the pisiform

Question 83

Name the carpal bones in the distal row of the wrist joint from radial to ulnar

Answer 83

Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and the hamate

Question 84

The most proximal region of the wrist joint are the two bumps on the (distal/proximal) end of the forearm on the radius and ulna. The rest of the wrist joint is carpal bones.

Answer 84

distal

Question 85

How the wrist moves is based on the ____ ____ more so than it is the radius and ulna.

Answer 85

carpal bones

Question 86

Each of the bones in the two rows of the wrist joint are bound together by (ligamentous/tendinous) attachments in each row.

Answer 86

ligamentous

Question 87

The ligamentous attachments that bound the bones in the proximal and distal row of the wrist joints are called ______ ligaments.

Answer 87

interosseous

Question 88

The term interosseous means (in-between/around) two bones and it is usually a ligament that is holding two together in a specific orientation.

Answer 88

in-between

Question 89

The interosseous ligaments in the proximal and distal row of the wrist joints lead to us having defined joint spaces between the ___ and the ___ bone in between the proximal row and distal row.

Answer 89

radius and the carpal

Question 90

These interosseous ligaments in the wrist joint hold the carpal bones in their proper orientation.

T or F?

Answer 90

True

Question 91

Is the radius or ulna larger?

Answer 91

Radius

Question 92

The (ulna/radius) never actually gets close to the carpal bones. The majority of contact is from the radius.

Answer 92

ulna

Question 93

The radius from medial to lateral is (concave/convex). The radius from anterior to posterior is (concave/convex). This creates a biconcave joint at the radiocarpal joint.

Answer 93

concave; concave

Question 94

The tissue that is between the ___ and the ___ bone forms a biconcave system.

Answer 94

ulna; carpal

Question 95

The primary bone to bone contact with the radius at the radiocarpal joint is between what two bones of the wrist?

Answer 95

The scaphoid and lunate

Question 96

What two bones of the wrist do not make contact with the radius?

Answer 96

The triquetrum and the pisiform

Question 97

The abbreviation for TFCC is what?

Answer 97

Trinagular FibroCartilaginous Complex

Question 98

The reason the TFCC is where it is because the (radius/ulna) is longer than the (ulna/radius) and the ulna needs something to fill the gap.

Answer 98

radius; ulna

Question 99

How many parts does the TFCC have? Name them.

Answer 99

5; the intraarticular disk (the ulnar carpal disc), the ulnocarpal meniscus homologue, ulnar collateral ligament, extensor carpi ulnaris tendon sheath, & the styloid process of the ulna?

Question 100

What two parts from the TFCC create a triangle?

Answer 100

The intraartiuclar disk and the ulnocarpal meniscus homologue

Question 101

The intraarticular disk and part of the ulnocarpal meniscus homologue are attached between what two bones?

Answer 101

The radius and the ulna

Question 102

The intraarticular disk from the TFCC runs between the distal styloid of the ___ and the medial edge of the ____ .

Answer 102

ulna; radius

Question 103

The ulnocarpal meniscus homologue runs from the distal styloid process of the ulna and attaches to the triquetrum. It doesn’t attach right to the bottom, it attaches to the ___ collateral ligament and also the (extensor/flexor) carpi ulnaris muscle tendon sheath.

Answer 103

ulnocarpal; extensor

Question 104

Around the TFCC there is a relationship or attachment to the ____ radioulnar ligament and the ___ radioulnar ligament. They are not apart of the TFCC but they run right around the edge.

Answer 104

palmar; dorsal

Question 105

The ____ attaches the ulna to the radius and helps prevent separation of the ulna from the radius and also fills the gap between the ulna and the proximal carpal bones.

Answer 105

TFCC

Question 106

(All/half) of the TFCC is a part of the radiocarpal joint

Answer 106

All

Question 107

The distal surface of the proximal row of carpals joining with the proximal surface of the distal row of carpals creates the ____ joint.

Answer 107

midcarpal

Question 108

The ______ joint is generally biconcave and biconvex.

Answer 108

midcarpal

Question 109

The midcarpal joint from medial to lateral has a (concave/convex) surface on the distal surface of the proximal row of carpals and anterior to posterior they are (concave/convex) as well. On the proximal surface of the distal row they are (convex/concave).

Answer 109

concave; concave; convex

Question 110

The ___ joint and the _____ joint act similarly in terms of general function of the wrist.

Answer 110

radiocarpal; midcarpal

Question 111

The midcarpal joint and the radiocarpal joint are (synovial/fibrous) joints.

Answer 111

synovial

Question 112

What osteokinematic motions can you perform at the midcarpal joint and the radiocarpal joint?

Answer 112

Flexion/extension, radial/ulnar deviation, & circumduction

Question 113

Pronation/supination (does not/does) occur at the wrist, it (occurs/does not occur) at the forearm and elbow.

Answer 113

does; occurs

Question 114

The wrist has (lots/minimal) of ligamentous support. The wrist has a network of dorsal and palmar ligaments.

Answer 114

lots

Question 115

The palmar ligaments on the wrist are more extensive than the dorsal ligaments because they have (more/less) ligaments in that area.

Answer 115

more

Question 116

There are medial/ulnar collateral ligaments and lateral/radial collateral ligaments at the wrist, just like in the hand and the elbow and they are going to resist motions accordingly.

T or F

Answer 116

True

Question 117

The ulnar collateral ligament network of the wrist is going to resist (extension/flexion) of the wrist.

Answer 117

extension

Question 118

The radial collateral ligament network of the wrist is going to resist (flexion/extension) of the wrist.

Answer 118

flexion

Question 119

The carpometacarpal (CMC) joints are found more (distally/proximally) than the radiocarpal joints and the midcarpal joints.

Answer 119

distally

Question 120

When talking about the carpometacarpal joints, for right now we are only talking about what digits?

Answer 120

2-5

Question 121

The ______ joint is made up of the distal surface of the distal row of carpals and the proximal bases of the metacarpals.

Answer 121

carpometacarpal

Question 122

The carpometacarpal joints are not concave or convex, they are (irregularly/perfectly) shaped and congruent.

Answer 122

irregularly

Question 123

(Articular/thick) cartilage goes along each bone on the articular surfaces on the distal surface of the distal row of carpals and in between the proximal bases of the metacarpals. So what you see is articular surface to articular surface, metacarpal to distal carpal bone, the cartilage continues around and goes in between the proximal bases of the metacarpals. This allows for (movement/stability) between the congruent nature of the metacarpal bases.

Answer 123

Articular; movement

Question 124

There is very (little to no/large) motion between the second and third metacarpal and there is very little motion between the 4th and 5th metacarpal.

Answer 124

little to no

Question 125

When making a tight fist, the (ulnar/radial) side of your hand moves on the dorsal surface and goes in tighter when the radial side does not. So you get more motion at the carpometacarpal joints digits _and _than you do in _and _. Digits 2 and 3 are very (stable/loose) and 4 and 5 have a little bit more (motion/stability).

Answer 125

Ulnar; 4 and 5; 2 and 3; stable; motion

Question 126

The motion that is occurring between metacarpals is ____ .

Answer 126

sliding

Question 127

The motion that is occurring between the metacarpal and carpal bone is ____.

Answer 127

sliding

Question 128

When bones are irregularly shaped and congruent there (won’t be/will be) a concave/convex rule.

Answer 128

won’t be

Question 129

What is resisting the sliding movements in the wrist?

Answer 129

The dorsal and palmar ligamentous networks surrounding those joints.

Question 130

Metacarpals _and _ play a huge role in the arch support of the hand and that is why they can’t move.

Answer 130

2 and 3

Question 131

The first carpometacarpal (CMC) joint is the articular surface between the ___ and the base of the ____ metacarpal.

Answer 131

trapezium; first

Question 132

The first carpometacarpal joint is a (saddle/fibrous) joint.

Answer 132

saddle

Question 133

There is a (concavity/convexity) from anterior to posterior on the trapezium and a (convexity.concavity) from medial to lateral on the trapezium.

Answer 133

concavity; convexity

Question 134

There is a (convexity/concavity) from anterior to posterior on the base of the first metacarpal and a (concavity/convexity) from medial to lateral on the base of the first metacarpal.

Answer 134

convexity; concavity

Question 135

The trapezium at the thumb is rotated 90 degrees from the rest of the thumb (remember that when reviewing motions of the thumb, particularly the flexion/extension & adduction/abduction) so flexion/extension of the thumb occurs around in the ___plane and adduction/abduction of the thumb occurs in the ___ plane.

Answer 135

frontal; sagittal

Question 136

(Adduction/flexion) of the thumb is bringing your thumb closer to your index finger.

Answer 136

Adduction

Question 137

(Flexion/abduction) of the thumb is bringing your thumb in the direction of the pinky.

Answer 137

flexion

Question 138

The articular surfaces and the ligaments around the first carpometacarpal joint are relatively (loose/tight) so it allows for a lot more motion than we see in the CMC joints 2-5.

Answer 138

loose

Question 139

The trapezium at the thumb being rotated 90 degrees allows our thumb to be (mobile/static).

Answer 139

mobile

Question 140

The ____ joint is the boxers knuckle, the one you punch with.

Answer 140

metacarpophalengeal

Question 141

For all 5 metacarpophalangeal joint digits there is a rounded distal head of each metacarpal. It is more rounded (anterior to posterior/medial to lateral) and less rounded (medial to lateral/anterior to posterior).

Answer 141

anterior to posterior; medial to lateral

Question 142

The anterior potion of the articular surface of the rounded distal head of the MCP joint extends further (anterior/posterior) than it does (posterior/anterior).

Answer 142

anterior; posterior

Question 143

There is an (anterior/posterior) inclincation at the MCP joint that we don’t see (posteriorly/anteriorly).

Answer 143

anterior; posteriorly

Question 144

The head of the metacarpal joins up with a biconcave face of the proximal ____.

Answer 144

phalynx

Question 145

If you look at the proximal phalynx of all 5 digits, you will see it is concave (medial to lateral/anterior to posterior) and we can see anterior to posterior it is (convex/concave).

Answer 145

medial to lateral; convex

Question 146

Flexion and extension of the MCP joint moves very (easily/difficulty) and it can also adduct and abduct.

Answer 146

easily

Question 147

Adduction and abduction is relative to the __ finger for digits 2-5.

Answer 147

middle

Question 148

The ulna is bigger (proximally/distally) and the radius is bigger (distally/proximally)

Answer 148

proximally; distally

Question 149

The main feature of the proximal end of the ulna is the large curved articular surface called the ____ _____ and it articulates with the trochlea of the humerus

Answer 149

trochlear notch

Question 150

The very proximal end of the ulna is called the ____ which is where the triceps tendon attaches

Answer 150

olecranon

Question 151

The projection SLIGHTLY distal to the trochlear notch is the ____ _____

Answer 151

coronoid process

Question 152

Distal to the coronoid process is this rough area called the ____ _____ which marks the insertion for the brachialis muscle

Answer 152

ulnar tuberosity

Question 153

The small curved surface on the side of the trochlear notch is called the ____ _____ which is where the head of the radius articulates

Answer 153

radial notch

Question 154

The ____ of the radius is just distal to the head of the radius

Answer 154

neck

Question 155

The top of the head of the radius articulates with the ____ of the humerus

Answer 155

capitulum

Question 156

Just distal to the neck of the radius is the ___ _____ which is the insertion for the biceps tendon

Answer 156

radial tuberosity

Question 157

The forearm bones (radius & ulna) articulate with each other to form what joint?

Answer 157

The proximal radioulnar joint

Question 158

What two ligaments hold the radial side of the elbow together, but also holds the rotating head of the radius in place against the ulna?

Answer 158

The radial collateral ligament and the anular ligament

Question 159

The ____ ligament and the ____ ____ provide a perfectly fitting socket for the head of the radius to rotate in.

Answer 159

anular; radial notch

Question 160

The elbow joint is held together by what two collateral ligaments?

Answer 160

The radial collateral ligament and the ulnar collateral ligament

Question 161

The radial collateral ligament of the elbow arises from the (lateral/medial) epicondyle and fans out and becomes continuous with the anular ligament.

Answer 161

lateral

Question 162

The (radial/ulnar) collateral ligament of the elbow and the anular ligament hold the humerus and the radial head securely together

Answer 162

radial

Question 163

The ulnar collateral ligament arises from the (medial/lateral) epicondyle. It fans out in a triangle and is attached to the ulna all along the medial side of the trochlear notch.

Answer 163

medial

Question 164

(Rotation/flexion) is coupled at the thumb in flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and opposition and that occurs because the capsule is loose, the saddle joint concavity and convexity are shallow, and by the pull of the muscle.

Answer 164

rotation

Question 165

The anterior portion of the metacarpophalangeal head projects (anteriorly/posteriorly), it isn’t perfectly round.

Answer 165

anteriorly

Question 166

Rotation is possible at the MCP joints, (passive/active) rotation only.

Answer 166

passive

Question 167

The dorsal aspect of the capsule at the MCP joint blends with the (extensor/flexor) tendon sheath.

Answer 167

extensor

Question 168

The deep transverse metacarpal ligament is going to bind the heads of metacarpals _ to _.

Answer 168

2 to 5

Question 169

What is another name for the palmar ligament?

Answer 169

Volar plate

Question 170

The palmar ligament (volar plate) attaches to the capsule at the ___ joint.

Answer 170

MCP

Question 171

The volar plate’s (distal/proximal) attachment is thick, strong, and firm, and the (proximal/distal) attachment is thin, wimpy, and weak.

Answer 171

distal; proximal

Question 172

As the MCP joint moves into flexion the volar plate folds on itself (proximally/distally).

Answer 172

proximally

Question 173

This idea of this wimpy thin proximal attachment allows for the volar plate to fold on itself as you (flex/extend) your finger. It also allows for the volar plate to move/slide proximally as you (flex/extend) your finger.

Answer 173

flex; flex

Question 174

The volar plate is an attachment site/anchor for the (flexor/extensor) tendon sheath.

Answer 174

flexor

Question 175

The collateral ligaments of the MCP joints have two parts: a true portion of the collateral ligament that runs from the ____ head to the base of the (proximal/distal) phalynx and an accessory portion of the collateral ligament that runs from the ____ bone to the ___ plate.

Answer 175

metacarpal; proximal; metacarpal; volar

Question 176

The collateral ligaments of the MCP joint help (stabilize/promote mobility) the joint and the volar plate.

Answer 176

stabilize

Question 177

The collateral ligaments play a role in (limiting/promoting) abduction & adduction of the MCP joint.

Answer 177

limiting

Question 178

How much the collateral ligaments limit abduction & adduction of the MCP joint depends on how much flexion/extension the fingers are in. The (more/less) your fingers are flexed the more the collateral ligaments will limit abduction/adduction.

Answer 178

more

Question 179

The reason the collateral ligaments of the MCP joint limit abduction/adduction more when your fingers are flexed is because the axis of rotation at this joint is eccentric in its location – it (is not/is) centered.

Answer 179

is not

Question 180

As the metacarpal head moves from an extended position to a flexed position, the base of the proximal phalynx is getting further away from the proximal attachment of those collateral ligaments of the MCP Joint. So therefore, those collateral ligaments get put on tension as we go into (flexion/extension).

Answer 180

flexion

Question 181

The articular surfaces of the phalangeal heads of the interphalangeal (IP) joint (proximal, middle, & distal) are all (the same/different).

Answer 181

the same

Question 182

From side to side the interphalangeal joints are cylinder shaped, they have a central anteriorposterior groove, the base is (concave/convex) anterior to posterior and has an anterior to posterior ridge that goes into the groove of the head of the more (proximal/distal) phalynx which guides flexion/extension.

Answer 182

concave; proximal

Question 183

The interphalangeal joint has a joint capsule and an associated ____ ligament.

Answer 183

palmar

Question 184

The palmar ligament at the MCP & IP joint resists (extension/flexion)

Answer 184

extension

Question 185

The MCP joint, proximal IP joint, & distal IP joint all have a ___ plate.

Answer 185

volar

Question 186

The IP joints have a true and an accessory collateral ligament and the only difference between the collateral ligaments in this joint compared to the MCP joint is that the relative axis of rotation is (centered/not centered) in this joint and therefore the collateral ligaments are tight and under tension throughout the range of motion in flexion/extension.

Answer 186

centered

Question 187

You can’t move your IP joints side to side, there is very little play there, so in that case the collateral ligaments are there to stabilize and resist medial and lateral forces to the IP joint and allow them to move strictly in the (sagittal/frontal) plane.

Answer 187

sagittal

Question 188

The mobile wad (extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus, & brachioradialis) of muscle is in the (posterior/anterior) compartment of the forearm

Answer 188

posterior

Question 189

Extensors in the arm and forearm are innervated by the ____ nerve.

Answer 189

radial

Question 190

Flexors of the forearm are innervated by what two nerves?

Answer 190

Median & ulnar nerves

Question 191

When you flex your wrist, your fingers extend, and when you extend your wrist, your fingers flex. That is a balancing system that allows (active/passive) motion to occur and that is really important because if you have someone that loses innervation of the median and ulnar nerves and can’t flex their fingers actively, if they have extension you can make them extend their wrist and now they can grab something, not small things but large things.

Answer 191

passive

Question 192

The extensor retinaculum is the thickening at the distal end of the (anterior/posterior) forearm and its fibers are going transversal across the forearm. ‘

Answer 192

posterior

Question 193

Deep investing fascia of the forearm is called ___ fascia and you have to cut this away to get to the muscles of the forearm. That fascia is a membrane that surrounds the muscles and keeps the muscles in a specific size of the compartment.

Answer 193

antebrachial

Question 194

Compartment syndromes create a closed (anterior and posterior/medial and lateral) compartment that if there is an injury in there and swelling occurs it could actually put so much compression on the muscle and their associated nerves and the nerves would die or the muscle would die so those are things we have to be careful of when we hear of compartment syndromes.

Answer 194

anterior and posterior

Question 195

The extensor retinaculum is there and in place to hold the (ligaments/tendons) where they are supposed to be.

Answer 195

tendons

Question 196

As the extensor retinaculum crosses from medial to lateral and lateral to medial it has septa attached to it and that septa divides the posterior compartment by attaching to the bones (the radius and the ulna) and creating _ individual compartments. This retinaculum is continuous with the deep fascia of the forearm but it is a reinforcement to that fascia to hold those tendons in those _ compartments.

Answer 196

6;6

Question 197

How many tendons are in compartment 1 of the posterior compartment of the hand and what are the names of the tendon(s) in this compartment?

Answer 197

2; abductor pollicis longus and the extensor pollicis brevis tendon.

Question 198

How many tendons are in compartment 2 of the posterior compartment of the hand and what are the names of the tendon(s) in this compartment?

Answer 198

2; extensor carpi radialis longus tendon and the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon.

Question 199

How many tendons are in compartment 3 of the posterior compartment of the hand and what are the names of the tendon(s) in this compartment?

Answer 199

1; extensor pollicis longus tendon.

Question 200

How many tendons are in compartment 4 of the posterior compartment of the hand and what are the names of the tendon(s) in this compartment?

Answer 200

2; extensor indicis tendon and the extensor digitorum tendon.

Question 201

How many tendons are in compartment 5 of the posterior compartment of the hand and what are the names of the tendon(s) in this compartment?

Answer 201

1; extensor digiti minimi tendon.

Question 202

How many tendons are in compartment 6 of the posterior compartment of the hand and what are the names of the tendon(s) in this compartment?

Answer 202

1; extensor carpi ulnaris tendon.

Question 203

The (inferior/posterior) compartments of the hand organize the different tendons to where they are going but also provide areas of angulation when needed to assist with length tension relationships.

Answer 203

posterior

Question 204

What two ligaments are the flexor retinaculum made up of?

Answer 204

The palmar carpal ligament and the transverse carpal ligament

Question 205

Out of the palmar carpal ligament and the transverse carpal ligament which is more superficial and proximal and which is more distal and deep?

Answer 205

Palmar carpal ligament - superficial and proximal

Transverse carpal ligament - deep and distal

Question 206

The flexor retinaculum is on the (posterior/anterior) surface of the hand

Answer 206

anterior

Question 207

The palmaris longus tendon forms the palmar ____ that goes through the hand

Answer 207

aponeurosis

Question 208

The flexor retinaculum is continuous with the deep investing fascia of the forearm and has (transverse/straight) bands that are running across.

Answer 208

transverse

Question 209

(Distally/proximally) there is a continuation of the flexor retinaculum as the transverse carpal ligament

Answer 209

Distally

Question 210

The investing fascia in the hand has the thenar fascia covering the (thenar/hypothenar) muscles and the hypothenar fascia covering the (thenar/hypothenar) muscles.

Answer 210

thenar; hypothenar

Question 211

The investing fascia in the hand is a continuation of the superficial portion (palmar carpal fascia) of the ____ retinaculum

Answer 211

flexor

Question 212

As we pull the skin away we see the palmar ____ and if you have a palmaris longus, you will see the palmaris longus tendon

Answer 212

aponeurosis

Question 213

The palmar aponeurosis keeps the skin firmly attached to the _____ .

Answer 213

metacarpals

Question 214

The digital slips coming from fingers 2-5 and the superficial transverse metacarpal ligaments are all thickenings of the investing fascia and in this area the skin has a (weak/strong) firm attachment to that palmar ________ . So as you are pulling it up it is going to be hard to get off.

Answer 214

strong; aponeurosis

Question 215

The hypothenar septum is on the (lateral/medial) side of the hand

Answer 215

medial

Question 216

The thenar septum is on the (lateral/medial) side of the hand

Answer 216

lateral

Question 217

Just anterior to the metacarpals there is the ____ interosseous fascia combined with this ___ interosseous fascia on the posterior aspect of the metacarpals creating a compartment that is more posterior on the hand

Answer 217

adductor; dorsal

Question 218

The hypothenar septum attaches to the _ metacarpal.

Answer 218

5th

Question 219

The thenar septum attaches to the _ metacarpal.

Answer 219

1st

Question 220

The adductor interosseous fascia attaches to the _& _metacarpals.

Answer 220

1st & 5th

Question 221

The dorsal interosseous fascia attaches to the ___ - ____ metacarpals

Answer 221

1st-5th

Question 222

What is in the hypothenar compartment?

Answer 222

The three intrinsic muscles of the hypothenar compartment and the deep branch of the ulnar nerve.

Question 223

The central compartment is a continuation of what?

Answer 223

The carpal tunnel

Question 224

What is in the central compartment?

Answer 224

The flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, the median nerve, all of the synovial tendon sheaths and bursa that run with them, the superficial palmar arterial arch, and the lumbrical muscles of the hand.

Question 225

What is in the adductor interosseous compartment?

Answer 225

All 7 interossei muscles, one intrinsic thumb muscle, the deep branch of the ulnar nerve, and the deep palmar arterial arch.

Question 226

What is in the thenar compartment?

Answer 226

Three intrinsic thumb muscles, the recurrent branch of the median nerve, and the flexor pollicis longus.

Question 227

How many tendons does the flexor digitorum superficialis have?

Answer 227

4

Question 228

How many tendons does the flexor digitorum profundus have?

Answer 228

4

Question 229

What runs in the carpal tunnel?

Answer 229

The 4 tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis, the 4 tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus, the flexor pollicis longus, & the median nerve

Question 230

The (ventral/dorsal) side of the MCP capsule blends in with the extensor hood

Answer 230

dorsal

Question 231

The transverse carpal ligament (does not/does) cross the metacarpals

Answer 231

does not

Question 232

In the carpal tunnel there are _ anchor points (bony prominences) that we are going to talk about. If we look at the hand and we start distally, on the distal carpal row we have the ___ ___ ___ ____ on the radial side, on the proximal row we have the ___ ___ ___ ____. If we go to the medial side we have the ___ ___ ___ ___ on the distal row and the ____ on the proximal row. Those are the anchor points for the most superficial border of the carpal tunnel.

Answer 232

4; tubercle of the trapezium; tubercle of the scaphoid; hook of the hamate; pisiform

Question 233

The most distal edge of the carpal tunnel is going to be between the ____ and the ____. The most proximal portion of the carpal tunnel is going to be between the ___ and the ___.

Answer 233

hook of the hamate and the tubercle of the trapezium; pisiform and the tubercle of the scaphoid

Question 234

The ____ carpal ligament from the flexor retinaculum runs between the four bony processes (anchor points) of the carpal tunnel.

Answer 234

transverse

Question 235

Is the hamate bigger than the pisiform?

Answer 235

Yes

Question 236

What runs in the carpal tunnel?

Answer 236

• The 4 tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis, the 4 tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus, the flexor pollicis longus, the associated tendon sheaths of those muscles, and the median nerve

Question 237

The flexor digitorum superficialis tendons sit (high/low) in the carpal tunnel, the flexor digitorum profundus tendons sit (anterior/posterior) in the carpal tunnel, and all of these tendons are (medial/lateral) in the carpal tunnel

Answer 237

high; posterior; medial

Question 238

The flexor pollicis longus is more (medial/lateral) in the carpal tunnel

Answer 238

lateral

Question 239

Somewhere anterior on the lateral half of the central is where you will find the ___ nerve in the carpal tunnel.

Answer 239

median

Question 240

Fluid will be what colour in a T2 MRI?

Answer 240

white

Question 241

Fluid will be what colour in a T1 MRI?

Answer 241

black

Question 242

We don’t see as much carpal tunnel syndrome on today’s laptops because the keyboards are relatively flat and where you rest your wrists keeps the wrist somewhat in a neutral position. When you take your laptop and put it on an angle with your wrists fully (flexed/extended) and typing for 8 hours a day is how you will develop carpal tunnel.

Answer 242

extended

Question 243

The flexor digitorum superficialis tendon attaches (shallower/deeper) than where the flexor digitorum profundus tendon attaches

Answer 243

deeper

Question 244

How does the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon get deeper/behind the flexor digitorum profundus to reach its’ distal attachment site?

Answer 244

The flexor digitorum superficialis tendon splits to make this possible

Question 245

What is the general function of the tendon sheaths?

Answer 245

To keep the tendons in place on the finger.

Question 246

Tendon sheaths are present in (all/some) tendons that run through the fingers and the thumb on the palmar/flexor side.

Answer 246

all

Question 247

There are 2 portions of the tendon sheath that we have to be aware of. There is a synovial tendon sheath which means there is a synovial capsule that has a ___ outer layer and a ___ inner layer.

Answer 247

fibrous; synovial

Question 248

The synovial portion of the tendon sheath facilitates what?

Answer 248

Tendon movement

Question 249

The fibrous portion of the tendon sheath anchors the tendon to the ____ and the ____

Answer 249

volar plate and the phalanx bone

Question 250

The ____ portion of the tendon (synovial?) sheath has fibers that are reinforcing the fibrous portion of the synovial sheath and anchors them to the phalanxs and the joint.

Answer 250

fibrous

Question 251

The fibrous portion of the tendon (synovial?) sheath is continuous with the _____ of the palmar aponeurosis

Answer 251

digital slips

Question 252

Transverse fibers of the tendon sheath are also called ___ fibers

Answer 252

annular

Question 253

Cross fibers of the tendon sheath are also called ___ fibers

Answer 253

cruciate

Question 254

Transverse fibers (listed with an A) and cross fibers (listed with a C) reinforce the tendon sheath by anchoring the tendon sheath to the ___ of the joint capsule or to the ____.

Answer 254

volar plate; phalanges

Question 255

The transverse fibers and cross fibers of the tendon sheath anchor to the volar plate (at/in-between) the joint line

Answer 255

at

Question 256

The transverse fibers and cross fibers of the tendon sheath anchor to the phalanges (at/in-between) the joint line.

Answer 256

in-between

Question 257

The transverse fiber and cross fiber reinforcements are critical for what?

Answer 257

normal tendon function and mobility to flex and extend our fingers

Question 258

The synovial layer of the tendon sheath is attached to what?

Answer 258

The tendon

Question 259

During motion, the fibrous and synovial layer of the tendon sheath slide relative to one another, so as you move your fingers those two layers slide (past/on) each other.

Answer 259

on

Question 260

These tendon sheaths extend from just (distal/proximal) to the MCP joint (the distal end of the metacarpal) to the (distal/proximal) phalanx in all fingers except what two fingers?

Answer 260

proximal; distal; pinky finger and the thumb

Question 261

The tendon sheath for the synovial layer of the flexor pollicis longus is continuous with what?

Answer 261

The radial bursae

Question 262

The tendon sheath for the synovial layer of the flexor digitorum superficialis and the flexor digitorum profundus in the carpal tunnel and into the palm of the hand is known as what?

Answer 262

The ulnar bursae

Question 263

The (radial/ulnar) bursae extends into the little finger, so the little finger tendon sheath is continuous with the (radial/ulnar) bursae.

Answer 263

ulnar; ulnar

Question 264

In digits 2,3, & 4, their tendon sheaths are separate from the (radial/ulnar) bursae.

Answer 264

ulnar

Question 265

The extensor aponeurosis runs from the _____ joint all the way to the distal _____.

Answer 265

MCP; phalanx

Question 266

The ____ is the essence of digital function, understanding the ______ .. due to the static and dynamic forces that are applied to it, you will understand how we can use our hands for so many tasks.

Answer 266

extensor aponeurosis; extensor aponeurosis

Question 267

The assumption is that the extensor aponeurosis is also included in the _____ (what finger?) as well as the other four fingers.

Answer 267

thumb

Question 268

The extensor aponeurosis has several names: Name three.

Answer 268

Extensor hood, dorsal hood, & extensor mechanism

Question 269

The extensor hood covers most of the (ventral/dorsal) surface (dorsum) of the four medial fingers.

Answer 269

dorsal

Question 270

The lumbricals and interossei muscles of the hand attach to the ____ hood

Answer 270

extensor

Question 271

Various (tendons/ligaments) contribute to the extensor hood

Answer 271

ligaments

Question 272

The extensor hood consists of the transverse fiber shaped area of the (MCP/IP) with contributions from the lumbricals and interossei muscles of the hand, (extensor/flexor) digitorum, and the associated (ligaments/tendons).

Answer 272

MCP, extensor, ligaments

Question 273

As the extensor hood crosses the (IP/MCP) joint the (extensor/flexor) digitorum expands on both sides into the extensor hood

Answer 273

MCP; extensor

Question 274

The extensor hood as it crosses over the dorsum wraps around and attaches to the___ on the (MCP/IP) joint.

Answer 274

volar plate; MCP

Question 275

When you extend your finger the volar plate moves (proximally/distally), which in attachment to the extensor hood it is the means by which the MCP joint extends through the pull of the (extensor/flexor) digitorum

Answer 275

distally; extensor

Question 276

As the extensor digitorum pulls us towards extension the volar plate is coming like this and pushing up on the (proximal/distal) phalanx to help extend the finger at the ___ joint

Answer 276

proximal; MCP

Question 277

If the volar plate is down on flexion, it is up on (flexion/extension)

Answer 277

extension

Question 278

As the extensor digitorum tendon goes in here (extensor hood?) it is splitting into how many parts? Name them.

Answer 278

3; central band and two lateral bands on each side of the finger

Question 279

There is a small part of one of the extensor digitorum tendons that splits and is a nonfunctional attachment (does not have a role, just an attachment) to the base of the proximal ___.

Answer 279

phalanx

Question 280

The central band (one of the extensor digitorum tendons that splits) attaches to the base of the ___

Answer 280

middle phalanx

Question 281

Splitting at the same time as the central band are two (lateral/central) bands (one of the extensor digitorum tendons that splits) (one on each side of the finger) that come off the extensor digitorum, go around the (proximal/distal) interphalangeal joint, crosses the (proximal/distal) interphalangeal joint, and attaching to the dorsal aspect of the base of the (proximal/distal) phalanx.

Answer 281

lateral; proximal; distal; distal

Question 282

Volar is pertaining to the palm of the hand, so is volar anterior or posterior?

Answer 282

Anterior

Question 283

The lumbricals and interossei muscles of the hand are on the volar side of the hand and they are coming up and attaching to the extensor hood and combining with the extensor digitorum to create the (lateral/central) band(s).

Answer 283

lateral

Question 284

In summary, what three things create the extensor hood which splits into a central band and two lateral bands?

Answer 284

The extensor digitorum, lumbricals, and interossei muscles of the hand

Question 285

The nonfunctional part of the extensor digitorum attaches to the base of the (proximal/distal) phalanx

Answer 285

proximal

Question 286

The triangular membrane is over the (distal/middle) phalanx (not 100% if it is only over the middle phalanx or whether he was orienting us on a slide)

Answer 286

middle

Question 287

The triangular membranes job is to keep the (lateral/central) bands from sliding (ventrally/dorsally) and hold the (central/lateral) bands more (dorsally/ventrally) as they are getting ready to cross the (proximal/distal) interpahalangeal joints

Answer 287

lateral; ventrally; lateral; dorsally; proximal

Question 288

What is the name of the lumbricals and interossei muscles of the hand when they are together?

Answer 288

Intrinsic hand muscles

Question 289

There is a ligament that is coming off the distal portion of the proximal phalanx crossing the proximal interphalangeal joint and running dorsally to join with the lateral band where they attach on the distal phalanx. And that attachment on the distal phalanx is called the ___ .

Answer 289

terminal tendon

Question 290

Where do the lateral bands attach?

Answer 290

The terminal tendon

Question 291

The oblique retinacular ligament (ORL) is also known as __ ligament

Answer 291

Landsmeer

Question 292

The oblique retinacular ligament’s job is to keep the lateral band from sliding too far (ventrally/dorsally).

Answer 292

dorsally

Question 293

The oblique retinacular ligament has a (proximal/distal) interphalangeal joint that is more ventral than dorsal

Answer 293

proximal

Question 294

If tension is put on the oblique retinacular ligament it will limit (flexion/extension) of the proximal interphalangeal joints, but when it comes up dorsally and attaches to the terminal tendon at the distal interphalangeal joint it will limit (flexion/extension).

Answer 294

extension; flexion

Question 295

The intrinsic muscles are (dorsal/ventral) to the MCP

Answer 295

ventral

Question 296

The lateral bands are ventral at the (proximal/distal) interphalangeal joint

Answer 296

proximal

Question 297

The lateral bands are dorsal at the (proximal/distal) interphalangeal joint

Answer 297

distal

Question 298

When the intrinsic muscles contract they are going to (flex/extend) the MCP

Answer 298

flex

Question 299

When the intrinsic muscles contract they are going to extend the (proximal and distal/middle) interphalangeal joint

Answer 299

proximal & distal

Question 300

The lumbrical position is MCP (flexion/extension) and IP (flexion/extension)

Answer 300

flexion; extension

Question 301

By keeping the bands where they are supposed to be, the extensor aponeurosis works (poorly/efficiently).

Answer 301

efficiently

Question 302

In the whole extensor aponeurosis thing, the flexor digitorum superficialis is at the ___joint and the flexor digitorum profundus is at the __ joint

Answer 302

MCP; PIP

Question 303

The lumbricals and interossei muscles of the hand form an S between the ___ and ___

Answer 303

MCP and PIP

Question 304

The oblique retinacular ligaments forms an S between the ___ and ___ .

Answer 304

PIP and DIP

Question 305

What muscles makeup the anatomical snuffbox?

Answer 305

Extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, & abductor pollicis longus

Question 306

What muscles makeup the lateral border of the anatomical snuffbox?

Answer 306

Extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus

Question 307

What is the muscle that makes up the medial border of the anatomical snuffbox?

Answer 307

Extensor pollicis longus