Actions/Origins/Insertions/Innervations Flashcards
What is the action of the trapezius?
Superior (descending):
Elevates the scapula
Inferior (ascending):
Depresses the scapula
Middle part:
Retracts the scapula
Superior & Inferior together:
Rotate the glenoid cavity superiorly
What is the medial attachment of the trapezius?
External occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, medial 1/3 of the superior nuchal line, and spinous processes of C7-T12
What is the lateral attachment of the trapezius?
Lateral 1/3 of the clavicle, acromion, and spine of the scapula
Where does the trapezius innervate?
Spinal accessory nerve (Cranial nerve 11) & Spinal nerves (C3 & C4)
What is the action for the latissimus dorsi?
Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the shoulder joint
What is the medial attachment of the latissimus dorsi?
Spinous process of the inferior six thoracic vertebrae, inferior three or four ribs, thoracolumbar fascia, and the iliac crest
What is the lateral attachment of the latissimus dorsi?
Floor of the intertubercular groove (sulcus) of the humerus
Where does the latissimus dorsi innervate?
Thoracodorsal nerve (C6, C7, C8)
What is the action of the levator scapulae?
Elevates the scapula and rotates the glenoid cavity inferiorly
What is the medial attachment of the levator scapulae?
Posterior tubercles of the transverse process of C1-C4
What is the lateral attachment of the levator scapulae?
Medial border of the scapula superior to the root of spine
Where does the levator scapulae innervate?
Dorsal scapular (C5) & Spinal nerves (C3 & C4)
Does the rhomboid major & minor have the same action?
Yes
Do the rhomboid major & minor have the same innervation?
Yes
What is the action of the rhomboid minor?
Retracts the scapula, rotates the glenoid cavity inferiorly, and fixes the scapula to the thoracic wall
What is the medial attachment of the rhomboid minor?
Ligamentum nuchae & spinous processes of C7 & T1 vertebrae
What is the lateral attachment of the rhomboid minor?
Upper portion of the medial border of the scapula, across from the spine of the scapula
Where does the rhomboid minor innervate?
Dorsal scapular nerve (C4 & C5)
What is the action of the rhomboid major?
Retract the scapula, rotate the glenoid cavity inferiorly, & fix the scapula to the thoracic wall
What is the medial attachment of the rhomboid major?
Spinous processes of T2-T5
What is the lateral attachment of the rhomboid major?
Medial border of the scapula between the spine of the scapula and the inferior angle
Where does the rhomboid major innervate?
Dorsal scapular nerve (C4 & C5)
What are the names of the deep back muscles from superficial to deep?
Spinotransversalis, erector spinae, transversospinalis, and segmental
What is the general function of the deeper back muscles?
Spinal stability & mobility
What is the innervation of ALL of the deeper back muscles?
Dorsal rami
What muscles are in the spinotransversalis group?
Splenius capitis & splenius cervicis
What is the action of the splenius capitis and cervicis acting alone and together?
Acting alone:
Laterally flexes the neck and rotates head to the side of the active muscles
Acting together:
Extend the head and neck
What is the inferior attachment and superior attachment for the splenius capitis and cervicis?
Inferior attachment:
They arise from the nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T6
Superior attachment:
Splenius cervicis: Tubercles of the transverse processes of C1-C3 or C4
Splenius Capitis: Fibers run from spinous process to transverse process to the mastoid process of the temporal bone and the lateral 1/3 of the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone
What is the innervation for the splenius capitis and cervicis?
Dorsal rami
What is another name for the erector spinae group?
Sacrospinalis
What muscles are in the erector spinae group from lateral to medial ?
Iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis
Are the actions for each muscle in the erector spinae group the same?
Yes
What are the components (regions) of the iliocostalis?
Cervicis, thoracis, and lumborum
What are the actions of the erector spinae group unilaterally and bilaterally?
Unilaterally:
Laterally flex the vertebral column
Bilaterally:
Extend the vertebral column and head and as the back is flexed they help to control movement by gradually lengthening their fibers
What is the action of the iliocostalis?
Unilaterally:
Laterally flex the vertebral column
Bilaterally:
Extend the vertebral column and head and as the back is flexed they help to control movement by gradually lengthening their fibers
What are the attachments of the iliocostalis?
The iliocostalis spans the cervicis, thoracis, lumborum regions and as it enters the cervical spine, it attaches to the transverse process.
The superior attachment is the ribs.
What is the innervation of the iliocostalis?
Dorsal rami
What are the components (regions) of the longissimus?
Thoracis, cervicis, and capitis
What is the action of the longissimus?
Unilaterally:
Laterally flex the vertebral column
Bilaterally:
Extend the vertebral column and head and as the back is flexed they help to control movement by gradually lengthening their fibers
What are the attachments of the longissimus?
The longissimus is in the thoracis, cervicis, and capitus regions and extends from transverse process to transverse process.
What is the innervation of the longissimus?
Dorsal rami
What are the components (regions) of the spinalis?
Thoracis, cervicis, and capitis
What is the action of the spinalis?
Unilaterally:
Laterally flex the vertebral column
Bilaterally:
Extend the vertebral column and head and as the back is flexed they help to control movement by gradually lengthening their fibers
What are the attachments of the spinalis?
The spinalis spans the thoracis, cervicis, and capitis region and runs from spinous process to spinous process.
What is the innervation of the spinalis?
Dorsal rami
What muscles are in the transversospinalis group?
Semispinalis, multifidi, and rotatores
What direction (Inferior to superior/Superior to inferior) do the transversospinalis group run and from what process to what process?
The transversospinalis group run inferior to superior and from transverse process to spinous process
What are the components (regions) of the semispinalis?
Thoracis, cervicis, and capitus
What is the action of the semispinalis?
Extends the head, thoracic and cervical regions of vertebral column and rotates them contralaterally.
What are the attachments of the semispinalis?
The semispinalis spans the thoracis, cervicis, and capitus region. It runs from inferior to superior and from transverse process to spinous process.
Where does the semispinalis innervate?
Dorsal rami
What is the action of the multifidus?
Unilateral contraction rotates to the contralateral side and stabilizes the vertebrae during local movements of the vertebral column.
What are the attachments of the multifidus?
The multifidus spans from the sacrum up until the middle of the cervical region. They run from inferior to superior and from transverse process to spinous process.
What is the innervation of the multifidus?
Dorsal rami
What is the action of the rotatores?
May function as organs of proprioception, possibly stabilize the vertebrae and assist with local extension and rotatory movements of the vertebral column.
What are the attachments of the rotatores?
The rotatores extends from the sacrum to the middle cervical region and runs from transverse process to spinous process.
What is the innervation of the rotatores?
Dorsal rami
What muscles are included in the segmental back muscles?
Interspinalis & Intertransversarii
What is the action of the interspinalis?
Aid in extension and rotation of the vertebral column
What are the attachments of the interspinalis?
Run vertically in between the spinous processes of the cervical and lumbar vertebrae
What is the innervation of the interspinalis?
Dorsal rami
What is the action of the intertransversarii (do not forget the bilateral component)?
Aid in lateral flexion of the vertebral column
Bilaterally:
Stabilizes the vertebral column
What are the attachments of the intertransversarii?
Runs adjacently in between the transverse processes of the cervical and lumbar vertebrae
What is the innervation of the intertransversarii?
Dorsal rami
What are the muscles in the suboccipital group?
Rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis superior, and obliquus capitis inferior
Do the suboccipital muscles have the same action?
Yes
What are the actions for the suboccipital muscles?
Extend the head on C1, rotate the head, and rotate the C1 on C2 vertebrae.
Do the suboccipital muscles have the same innervation?
Yes
Where do the suboccipital muscles innervate?
Posterior ramus of C1, the suboccipital nerve
What is the action of the rectus capitis posterior major?
Extend the head on C1, rotate the head, and rotate the C1 on C2 vertebrae.
What are the attachments for the rectus capitis posterior major?
Arises from the spinous process of the C2 vertebra and inserts into the lateral part of the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone.
What is the innervation for the rectus capitis posterior major?
Posterior ramus of C1, the suboccipital nerve
What is the action of the rectus capitis posterior minor?
Extend the head on C1, rotate the head, and rotate the C1 on C2 vertebrae.
What are the attachments for the rectus capitis posterior minor?
Arises from the posterior tubercle on the posterior arch of the C1 vertebra and inserts into the medial third of the inferior nuchal line .
What is the innervation of the rectus capitis posterior minor?
Posterior ramus of C1, the suboccipital nerve
What is the action of the obliquus capitis superior?
Extend the head on C1, rotate the head, and rotate the C1 on C2 vertebrae.
What are the attachments for the obliquus capitis superior?
Arises from the transverse process of C1 and inserts into the occipital bone between the superior and the inferior nuchal lines
What is the innervation of the obliquus capitis superior?
Posterior ramus of C1, the suboccipital nerve
What is the action of the obliquus capitis inferior?
Extend the head on C1, rotate the head, and rotate the C1 on C2 vertebrae.
What are the attachments for the obliquus capitis inferior?
It arises from the spinous process of the C2 vertebra and inserts into the transverse process of the C1 vertebra.
What is the innervation of the obliquus capitis inferior?
Posterior ramus of C1, the suboccipital nerve.
What is the action of the pectoralis minor?
Stabilizes the scapula by drawing inferiorly and anteriorly against the thoracic wall
What is the proximal attachment of the pectoralis minor?
3rd-5th ribs near their costal cartilage
What is the distal attachment of the pectoralis minor?
Medial border and superior surface of the coracoid process of the scapula
What is the innervation of the pectoralis minor?
Medial pectoral nerve (C8 & T1)
What is the action of the pectoralis major? Do not forget that the muscle can act alone.
Adducts and medially rotates the shoulder joint and draws the scapula anteriorly and inferiorly
Acting alone:
The clavicular head flexes the shoulder joint and sternocostal head and extends it from the flexed position.
What is the proximal attachment of the pectoralis major for the clavicular head and sternocostal head?
Clavicular head:
Anterior surface of the medial half of the clavicle
Sternocostal head:
Anterior surface of the sternum, superior six costal cartilages, and aponeurosis of external oblique muscle
What is the innervation of the pectoralis major?
Lateral and medial pectoral nerves Clavicular head (C5 & C6) Sternocostal head (C7-T1)
What is the action of the serratus anterior?
Protracts the scapula and holds it against the thoracic wall and rotates the scapula
What is the proximal attachment of the serratus anterior?
External surfaces of the lateral parts of the 1st-8th ribs
What is the distal attachment of the serratus anterior?
Anterior surface of the medial border of the scapula
What is the innervation of the serratus anterior?
Long thoracic nerve (C5-C7)
What is the action of the sternocleidomastoid unilaterally and bilaterally?
Unilateral contraction:
Laterally flexes the neck to the same side and rotates the head contralaterally
Bilateral contraction:
Extends the neck at the atlantooccipital joints, flexes the cervical vertebrae, and extends the superior cervical vertebrae
What is the superior attachment of the sternocleidomastoid?
Lateral surface of the mastoid process of the temporal bone and lateral half of the superior nuchal line
What is the inferior attachment of the sternocleidomastoid for the sternal head and the clavicular head?
Sternal head:
Anterior surface of the manubrium and sternum
Clavicular head:
Superior surface of the medial third of the clavicle
What is the innervation of the sternocleidomastoid ?
Spinal accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI) and C2&C3 nerves (pain and proprioception)
What is the action of the anterior scalene?
Flexes the neck laterally and elevates the first rib during inhalation
What is the superior attachment of the anterior scalene?
Anterior tubercles of the transverse processes C3-C6 vertebrae
What is the inferior attachment of the anterior scalene?
1st rib
What is the innervation of the anterior scalene?
Cervical spinal nerves (C4-C6)
What is the action of the middle scalene?
Laterally flexes the neck and elevates the 1st rib during forced inspiration
What is the superior attachment of the middle scalene?
Posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of C4-C7 vertebrae
What is the inferior attachment of the middle scalene?
Superior surface of the 1st rib and posterior to the groove for the subclavian artery
What is the innervation of the middle scalene?
Anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves
What is the action of the posterior scalene?
Laterally flexes the neck and elevates the 2nd rib during inhalation
What is the superior attachment of the posterior scalene?
Posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the C4-C6 vertebrae
What is the inferior attachment of the posterior scalene?
External border of the 2nd rib
What is the innervation of the posterior scalene?
Anterior rami of the cervical spinal nerves (C7 & C8)
What is the distal attachment of the pectoralis major?
Lateral lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus
The musculocutaneous nerve runs from ____ to ____
C5 to C7
What does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?
The muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm (coaracobrachialis, biceps brachii, & brachialis) and the skin of the lateral aspect of the forearm
The axillary nerve runs from ____ to _____
C5 to C6
Where does the axillary nerve innervate?
The glenohumeral joint, teres minor, the deltoid muscles, and the skin of the superolateral arm.
The radial nerve runs from___ to ____
C5 to T1
Where does the radial nerve innervate?
All muscles of the posterior compartments of the arm and forearm, skin of the posterior and inferolateral arm, posterior forearm, and dorsum of the hand lateral to the axial line of digit 4.
The median nerve runs from ____ to _____
C5 to T1
Where does the median nerve innervate?
The muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm (except for the flexor carpi ulnaris and the ulnar half of the flexor digitorum profundus) and the five intrinsic muscles in the thenar half of the palm and palmar skin.
The ulnar nerve runs from ____ to _____
C7 to T1
Where does the ulnar nerve innervate?
The flexor carpi ulnaris and ulnar half of the flexor digitorum profundus, the most intrinsic muscles in the hand, and the skin of the hand medial to the axial line of digit 4.
The dorsal scapular nerve comes off of the ventral rami of the ___ segment with frequent contributions from ___ .
C5; C4
What muscle(s) does the dorsal scapular nerve innervate?
Rhomboid minor, rhomboid major, and the levator scapulae
The long thoracic nerve comes off behind the ventral rami of ___ to ____
C5 to C7
What muscle(s) does the long thoracic nerve innervate?
The serratus anterior
The suprascapular nerve comes off of the ____ trunk and will have ____ to ____ segments and often has nerve contributions from ____
Superior; C5 to C6; C4
What muscle(s) does the suprascapular nerve innervate?
The supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and the glenohumeral joint
The upper subscapular nerve comes off of the _____ cord and it runs from ____ to _____
Posterior; C5 to C6
What muscle(s) does the upper subscapularis nerve innervate?
The superior portion of the subscapularis
The thoracodorsal nerve comes off of the _____ cord and it runs from ____ to _____
Posterior; C6 to C8
What muscle(s) does the thoracodorsal nerve innervate?
Latissimus dorsi
The lower subscapular nerve comes off of the ____ cord and it runs from____ to _____
Posterior; C5 to C6
What muscle(s) does the lower subscapular nerve innervate?
The inferior portion of the subscapularis and the teres major
The lateral pectoral nerve comes off of the ____ cord and it runs from ____ to ____
Lateral; C5 to C7
What muscle(s) does the lateral pectoral nerve innervate?
Primarily the pectoralis major but some lateral pectoral nerve fibers pass to the pectoralis minor
The medial pectoral nerve comes off the _____ cord and it runs from ___ to ____
Medial; C8 to T1
What muscle(s) does the medial pectoral nerve innervate?
Pectoralis minor and the sternocostal part of the pectoralis major
The medial cutaneous nerve of the arm (brachium) comes off of the ____ cord and runs from ____ to ____
Medial; T1 to T2
Where does the medial cutaneous nerve of the arm (brachium) innervate?
The skin of the medial side of the arm, as far distally as the medial epicondyle of the humerus and olecranon of the ulna
The medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm (antebrachium) comes off of the _____ cord and runs from _____ to ______
Medial; C8 to T1
Where does the medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm (antebrachium) innervate?
The skin of the medial side of the forearm, as far distally as the wrist
How many parts does the deltoid have ?
3
Name the part(s) of the deltoid from anterior to posterior
Clavicular (anterior)
Acromial (middle)
Spinal (posterior)
What is the action of the deltoid for all three parts ?
Clavicular (anterior):
Flexes and medially rotates the shoulder joint
Acromial (middle):
Abducts the shoulder joint
Spinal (posterior):
Extends & laterally rotates the shoulder joint
What is the proximal attachment of the deltoid ?
Lateral 1/3 of the clavicle., acromion, & spine of the scapula
What is the distal attachment of the deltoid ?
The deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
What is the innervation of the deltoid muscle ?
Axillary nerve (C5-C6)
What is the action of the teres major ?
Adducts & medially rotates the shoulder joint
What is the proximal attachment of the teres major?
Inferior part of the lateral boarder of the scapula & posterior surface of the inferior angle of the scapula
What is the distal attachment of the teres major?
Medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus
What is the innervation of the teres major?
Lower subscapular nerve (C5-C6)
What is the action of the supraspinatus?
Initiates and assists deltoid in abduction of the shoulder joint
What is the proximal attachment of the supraspinatus?
Supraspinous fossa of the scapula
What is the distal attachment of the supraspinatus?
Greater tubercle of the humerus
What is the innervation of the supraspinatus?
Suprascapular nerve (C4-C6)
What is the action of the infraspinatus?
Laterally rotates the shoulder joint and helps hold the humeral head in the glenoid cavity of the scapula
What is the proximal attachment of the infraspinatus?
Infraspinous fossa of the scapula
What is the distal attachment of the infraspinatus?
Greater tubercle of the humerus
What is the innervation of the infraspinatus?
Suprascapular nerve (C5-C6)
What is the action of the teres minor?
Laterally rotates the shoulder joint and helps hold the humeral head in the glenoid cavity of the scapula
What is the proximal attachment of the teres minor?
Middle part of the lateral border of the scapula
What is the distal attachment of the teres minor?
Greater tubercle of the humerus
What is the innervation for the teres minor?
Axillary nerve (C5-C6)
What is the action of the subscapularis?
Medially rotates and adducts the shoulder joint and helps hold the humeral head in the glenoid cavity
What is the distal attachment of the subscapularis ?
Lesser tubercle of the humerus
What is the innervation for the subscapularis?
Upper and lower subscapular nerve (C5-C7)
What is the proximal attachment of the subscapularis?
Subscapular fossa
Many superficial veins from the forearm converge just below the elbow to form two large veins. What are they?
The basilic & the cephalic vein
Between the basilic & the cephalic vein, which vein is more medial when they converge ?
The basilic
The (cephalic/basilic) vein stays at a superficial level as it runs up the arm over the biceps. At the top of the arm it lies between what two muscles?
Cephalic; deltoid & pectoralis major
What nerve is a direct continuation of the musculocutaneous nerve past the elbow?
The lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve
At the level of the inferior border of the teres major muscle the axillary artery’s name changes to what?
The brachial artery
Right next to the latissimus tendon, the brachial artery gives off a large branch called the ____ _____ _____ which passes backwards deep to the triceps
deep brachial artery
The brachial artery runs down the (medial/lateral) side of the arm alongside the brachialis muscle and the median nerve crosses over the artery
medial
The brachial artery passes (beneath/over) the bicipital apnoeurosis
beneath
Alongside the biceps tendon, the brachial artery divides into two major arteries of the forearm, what arteries are they?
The radial and the ulnar arteries
The radial artery stays quite (superficial/deep) and runs down the forearm between the pronator teres and the brachioradialis
superficial
The ulnar artery stays (deep/superficial) and dives down alongside the brachioradialis tendon and passes deep to the pronator teres
deep
What is the action of the biceps brachii? Do not forget the short head.
It supinates the forearm and when it is supinated, it flexes the elbow joint. It also flexes the shoulder joint and the short head resists dislocation of the shoulder.
What is the proximal attachment for the short head and long head of the biceps brachii?
Short head: Tip of the coracoid process of the scapula.
Long head: Supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
What is the distal attachment for the biceps brachii?
Radial tuberosity and fascia of the forearm via the bicipital aponeurosis
What is the innervation for the biceps brachii?
Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6)
What is the action of the brachialis?
It flexes the elbow joint in all positions
What is the proximal attachment for the brachialis?
Anterior surface of the distal half of the humerus
What is the distal attachment for the brachialis?
Coronoid process and ulna tuberosity
What is the innervation for the brachialis?
Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6)
What is the action of the coracobrachialis?
Helps flex and adduct the shoulder joint and resists dislocation of the shoulder
What is the proximal attachment of the coracobrachialis?
Tip of the coracoid process of the scapula
What is the distal attachment of the coracobrachialis?
Middle 1/3 of medial surface of the humerus
What is the innervation of the coracobrachialis?
Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7)
What is the action of the triceps brachii? Do not forget the action of the long head.
It extends the elbow joint and the long head extends the shoulder joint and resists dislocation of the humerus.
What is the proximal attachment of the triceps brachii for the long head, lateral head, & the medial head?
Long head: Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.
Lateral head: Posterior surface of the humerus, superior to the radial groove.
Medial head: Posterior surface of the humerus inferior to the radial groove.
What is the distal attachment of the triceps brachii?
Proximal end of the olecranon of the ulna and fascia of the forearm
What is the innervation of the triceps brachii?
Radial nerve (C6-C8)
What is the action of the pronator teres?
It pronates the forearm and flexes the elbow joint
What is the proximal attachment of the pronator teres for the ulnar head and humeral head?
Ulnar head: Coronoid process of the ulna.
Humeral head: Medial epicondyle of the humerus.
What is the distal attachment of the pronator teres?
Middle of convexity of the lateral surface of the radius
What is the innervation of the pronator teres?
Median nerve (C6-C7)
What is the action of the flexor carpi radialis?
It flexes and abducts the hand at the wrist
What is the proximal attachment of the flexor carpi radialis?
Medial epicondyle of the humerus
What is the distal attachment of the flexor carpi radialis?
Base of the 2nd (3rd) metacarpal
What is the innervation of the flexor carpi radialis?
Median nerve (C6-C7)
What is the action of the palmaris longus?
It flexes the hand (at the wrist) and tenses palmar aponeurosis
What is the proximal attachment of the palmaris longus?
Medial epicondyle of the humerus
What is the distal attachment of the palmaris longus?
Distal half of the flexor retinaculum and the palmar aponeurosis
What is the innervation of the palmaris longus?
Median nerve (C7-C8)
What is the action of the flexor carpi ulnaris?
Flexes and adducts the hand at the wrist
What is the proximal attachment of the flexor carpi ulnaris for the ulnar head and humeral head?
Ulnar head: Olecranon and posterior border of the ulna.
Humeral head: Medial epicondyle of the humerus
What is the distal attachment of the flexor carpi ulnaris?
Pisiform, hook of hamate, and the 5th metacarpal
What is the innervation of the flexor carpi ulnaris?
Ulnar nerve (C7-C8)
What is the action of the flexor digitorum superficialis?
It flexes the wrist joint, carpometacarpal joints, flexes proximal interphalangeal joints of the middle four digits, and flexes the proximal phalanges at the metacarpophalangeal joints
What is the proximal attachment of the flexor digitorum superficialis for the humero-ulnar head and the radial head?
Humero-ulnar head: Medial epicondyle of the humerus and coronoid process of the ulna
Radial head: Oblique line of the radius
What is the distal attachment of the flexor digitorum superficialis?
Shafts (bodies) of the middle phalanges of the medial four digits
What is the innervation of the flexor digitorum superficialis?
Median nerve (C7-T1)
What is the action of the flexor digitorum profundus?
Flexes the wrist joints, carpometacarpal joints, distal interphalangeal joints of digits 2, 3, 4, & 5, and assists with wrist flexion
What is the proximal attachment for the flexor digitorum profundus?
Proximal three quarters of the anterior and medial surfaces of ulna and interosseous membrane
What is the distal attachment for the flexor digitorum profundus?
Bases of the distal pahalnges of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, & 5th digits
What is the innervation of the flexor digitorum profundus for the lateral part (digits 2 and 3) and the medial part (digits 4 and 5)?
Lateral part (digits 2 and 3): Median nerve (C8-T1) (anterior interosseous branch) Medial part (digits 4 and 5): Ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
What is the action of the flexor pollicis longus?
Flexes the wrist joint, carpometacarpal joints, metacarpophalangeal joints, & interphalangeal joints of the thumb
What is the proximal attachment of the flexor pollicis longus?
Anterior surface of the radius and the adjacent interosseous membrane
What is the distal attachment of the flexor pollicis longus?
Base of the distal phalanx of the thumb
What is the innervation of the flexor pollicis longus?
Anterior interosseous nerve, from median nerve (C8-T1)
What is the action of the pronator quadratus?
It pronates the forearm and the deep fibers bind the radius and ulna together
What is the proximal attachment of the pronator quadratus?
The distal quarter of the anterior surface of the ulna
What is the distal attachment of the pronator quadratus?
The distal quarter of the anterior surface of the radius
What is the innervation of the pronator quadratus?
Anterior interosseous nerve, from median nerve (C8-T1)
What is the action of the brachioradialis?
Weak elbow flexor, maximal flexion when forearm is in midpronated position
What is the proximal attachment of the brachioradialis?
Proximal 2/3 of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus
What is the distal attachment of the brachioradialis?
Lateral surface of the distal end of the radius proximal to the styloid process
What is the innervation of the brachioradialis?
Radial nerve (C5-C7)
What is the action of the extensor carpi radialis longus?
It extends and abducts the wrist joint and extends the carpometacarpal joints
What is the proximal attachment of the extensor carpi radialis longus?
Lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus
What is the distal attachment of the extensor carpi radialis longus?
Dorsal aspect of the base of the 2nd metacarpal
What is the innervation of the extensor carpi radialis longus?
Radial nerve (C6-C7)
What is the action of the extensor carpi radialis brevis?
Extends and abducts the wrist joint and extends the carpometacarpal joints
What is the proximal attachment of the extensor carpi radialis brevis?
Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
What is the distal attachment of the extensor carpi radialis brevis?
Dorsal aspect of the base of the 3rd metacarpal
What is the innervation of the extensor carpi radialis brevis?
Deep branch of the radial nerve (C7-C8)
What is the action of the extensor digitorum?
It extends the wrist joint, carpometacarpal joints, and the medial four fingers primarily at the metacarpophalangeal joint, secondarily at the interphalangeal joint
What is the proximal attachment of the extensor digitorum?
Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
What is the distal attachment of the extensor digitorum?
Extensor expansions of the medial four fingers
What is the innervation of the extensor digitorum?
Posterior interosseous nerve (C7-C8), continuation of the deep branch of the radial nerve
What is the action of the extensor digiti minimi?
It extends the wrist joint, carpometacarpal joints, and the 5th finger primarily at the metacarpophalangeal joint, secondarily at the interphalangeal joint
What is the proximal attachment of the extensor digiti minimi?
Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
What is the distal attachment of the extensor digiti minimi?
Extensor expansion of the 5th finger
What is the innervation of the extensor digiti minimi?
Posterior interosseous nerve (C7-C8), continuation of the deep branch of the radial nerve
What is the action of the extensor carpi ulnaris?
It extends and adducts the wrist joint, carpometacarpal joint
What is the proximal attachment of the extensor carpi ulnaris?
Lateral epicondyle of the humerus and posterior border of the ulna
What is the distal attachment of the extensor carpi ulnaris?
Dorsal aspect of the base of the 5th metacarpal
What is the innervation of the extensor carpi ulnaris?
Posterior interosseous nerve (C7-C8), continuation of the deep branch of the radial nerve
What is the action of the supinator?
Supinates the forearm
What is the proximal attachment of the supinator?
Lateral epicondyle of the humerus, radial collateral and annular ligaments, supinator fossa, and the crest of the ulna
What is the distal attachment of the supinator?
Anterior, posterior, and lateral surfaces of the proximal 1/3 of the radius
What is the innervation of the supinator?
Deep branch of the radial nerve (C7-C8)
What is the action of the abductor pollicis longus?
It extends the wrist joints, carpometacarpal joints and and abducts the thumb and extends it at the carpometacarpal joint
What is the proximal attachment of the abductor pollicis longus?
Posterior surface of the proximal halves of the radius, ulna, and interosseous membrane
What is the distal attachment of the abductor pollicis longus?
Base of the 1st metacarpal
What is the innervation of the abductor pollicis longus?
Posterior interosseous nerve (C7-C8), continuation of the deep branch of the radial nerve
What is the action of the extensor pollicis longus?
It extends the wrist joint, carpometacarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal joint, and the distal phalanx of the thumb at the interphalangeal joint
What is the proximal attachment of the extensor pollicis longus?
The posterior surface of the middle 1/3 of the ulna and interosseous membrane
What is the distal attachment of the extensor pollicis longus?
The dorsal aspect of the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb
What is the innervation of the extensor pollicis longus?
Posterior interosseous nerve (C7-C8), continuation of the deep branch of the radial nerve
What is the action of the extensor pollicis brevis?
It extends the wrist joints, carpometacarpal joints and the proximal phalanx of the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint
What is the proximal attachment of the extensor pollicis brevis?
Posterior surface of the distal 1/3 of the radius and interosseous membrane
What is the distal attachment of the extensor pollicis brevis?
The dorsal aspect of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
What is the innervation of the extensor pollicis brevis?
Posterior interosseous nerve (C7-C8), continuation of the deep branch of the radial nerve
What is the action of the extensor indicis?
It extends the wrist joint, carpometacarpal joint, & the 2nd finger
What is the proximal attachment of the extensor indicis?
The posterior surface of the distal 1/3 of the ulna and interosseous membrane
What is the distal attachment of the extensor indicis?
The extensor expansion of the 2nd finger
What is the innervation of the extensor indicis?
Posterior interosseous nerve (C7-C8), continuation of the deep branch of the radial nerve
What is the action of the opponens pollicis?
To oppose the thumb
What is the proximal attachment of the opponens pollicis?
The flexor retinaculum and tubercles of the scaphoid and trapezium
What is the distal attachment of the opponens pollicis?
The lateral side of the 1st metacarpal
What is the innervation of the opponens pollicis?
The recurrent branch of the median nerve (C8-T1)
What is the action of the abductor pollicis brevis?
To abduct the thumb and help oppose it
What is the proximal attachment of the abductor pollicis brevis?
The flexor retinaculum and tubercles of the scaphoid and trapezium
What is the distal attachment of the abductor pollicis brevis?
The lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
What is the innervation of the abductor pollicis brevis?
The recurrent branch of the median nerve (C8-T1)
The flexor pollicis brevis has a ___ head and a ___ head
superficial; deep
What is the action of flexor pollicis brevis?
It flexes the thumb
What is the proximal attachment for flexor pollicis brevis?
The flexor retinaculum and tubercles of the scaphoid and trapezium
What is the distal attachment for flexor pollicis brevis?
The lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
What is the innervation of flexor pollicis brevis for the superficial head and deep head ?
Superficial: The recurrent branch of the median nerve (C8-T1)
Deep: The deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
Adductor pollicis has a ___ head and ___ head
Transverse; oblique
What is the action of adductor pollicis?
It adducts the the thumb toward the lateral border of the palm
What is the proximal attachment of adductor pollicis for the transverse head and oblique head?
Transverse head: Anterior surface of the shaft of the 3rd metacarpal.
Oblique head: Bases of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals, capitate, and adjacent carpals.
What is the distal attachment for adductor pollicis?
Medial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
What is the innervation of adductor pollicis?
The deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
What are the thenar muscles?
Opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, & the adductor pollicis
What are the hypothenar muscles?
Opponens digiti minimi, abductor digiti minimi, & flexor digiti minimi brevis
What is the action of the opponens digiti minimi?
It draws the 5th metacarpal anterior and rotates it and brings the 5th finger into opposition with the thumb
What is the proximal attachment of the opponens digiti minimi?
The flexor retinaculum and the hook of the hamate
What is the distal attachment of the opponens digiti minimi?
The medial border of the 5th metacarpal
What is the innervation of the opponens digiti minimi?
The deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
What is the action of the abductor digiti minimi?
It abducts the 5th finger and assists in flexion of its proximal phalanx
What is the proximal attachment of the abductor digiti minimi?
The pisiform
What is the distal attachment of the abductor digiti minimi?
The medial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th finger
What is the innervation of the abductor digiti minimi?
The deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
What is the action of the flexor digiti minimi brevis?
It flexes the proximal phalanx of the 5th finger
What is the proximal attachment of the flexor digiti minimi brevis?
The flexor retinaculum and hook of the hamate
What is the distal attachment of the flexor digiti minimi brevis?
The medial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th finger
What is the innervation of the flexor digiti minimi brevis?
The deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
What is the action for lumbricals 1 & 2?
It flexes the metacarpophalangeal joints and extends the interphalangeal joints of the 2nd-5th fingers
What is the proximal attachment for lumbricals 1 and 2?
The lateral two tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus
What is the distal attachment for lumbricals 1 and 2?
The lateral sides of the extensor expansions of the 2nd-5th fingers
What is the innervation for lumbricals 1 and 2?
Median nerve (C8-T1)
What is the action for lumbricals 3 and 4?
It flexes the metacarpophalangeal joints and extends the interphalangeal joints of the 2nd-5th fingers
What is the proximal attachment for lumbricals 3 and 4?
The medial 3 tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus
What is the distal attachment for lumbricals 3 and 4?
The lateral sides of the extensor expansions of the 2nd-5th fingers
What is the innervation for lumbricals 3 and 4?
The deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
What is the action of the dorsal interossei, 1-4?
It abducts the 2nd-4th fingers from the axial line and acts with the lumbricals in flexing the metacarpophalangeal joints and extending the interphalangeal joints
What is the proximal attachment of the dorsal interossei, 1-4?
The adjacent sides of two metacarpals
What is the distal attachment of the dorsal interossei, 1-4?
The bases of the proximal phalanges and the extensor expansions of the 2nd-4th fingers
What is the innervation of the dorsal interossei, 1-4?
The deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
What is the action of the palmar interossei, 1-3?
It adducts the 2nd, 4th, & 5th fingers toward the axial line and assists the lumbricals in flexing the metacarophalangeal joints and extending the interphalangeal joints
What is the proximal attachment of the palmar interossei, 1-3?
The palmar surfaces of the 2nd, 4th, & 5th metacarpals
What is the distal attachment of the palmar interossei, 1-3?
The bases of the proximal phalanges and the extensor expansions of the 2nd, 4th, & 5th fingers
What is the innervation of the palmar interossei, 1-3?
The deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
What is the action of the sternohyoid?
It depresses the hyoid bone after elevation during swallowing
What is the origin of the sternohyoid?
The manubrium of sternum and medial end of the clavicle
What is the insertion of the sternohyoid?
Body of the hyoid bone
What is the innervation of the sternohyoid?
C1-C3 by a branch of the ansa cervicalis
What is the action of the omohyoid?
It depresses, retracts, and steadies the hyoid bone
What is the origin of the omohyoid ?
The superior border of the scapula near the suprascapular notch
What is the insertion of the omohyoid?
The inferior border of the hyoid bone
What is the innervation of the omohyoid?
C1-C3 by the branch of the ansa cervicalis
What is the action of the sternothyroid?
It depresses the hyoid bone and the larynx
What is the origin of the sternothyroid?
The posterior surface of the manubrium of the sternum
What is the insertion of the sternothyroid?
The oblique line of the thyroid cartilage
What is the innervation of the sternothyroid?
C2-C3 by a branch of the ansa cervicalis
What is the action of the thyrohyoid?
It depresses the hyoid bone and elevates the larynx
What is the origin of the thyrohyoid?
The oblique line of the thyroid cartilage
What is the insertion of the thyrohyoid?
The inferior border and greater horn of the hyoid bone
What is the innervation of the thyrohyoid?
C1 via the hypoglossal nerve
What is the action of the longus colli?
It flexes the neck
What is the superior attachment of the longus colli?
The anterior tubercle of the atlas, bodies of C1-C3, and transverse processes of C3-C6 vertebra
What is the inferior attachment of the longus colli?
Bodies of C5-T3 vertebra and the transverse processes of C3-C5 vertebrae
What is the innervation of the longus colli?
The anterior rami of C2-C6 spinal nerves
What is the action of the longus capitis?
It flexes the head on the neck
What is the superior attachment of the longus capitis?
The basilar part of the occipital bone
What is the inferior attachment of the longus capitis?
The anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of C3-C6
What is the innervation of the longus capitis?
Anterior rami of C1-C3 spinal nerves
What is the action of the orbicularis oculi?
It closes the eyelids
What is the origin of the orbicularis oculi?
The medial orbital margin, medial palpebral ligament, & the lacrimal bone
What is the insertion of the orbicularis oculi?
Skin around the margin of orbit and superior and inferior tarsi
What is the innervation of the orbicularis oculi?
Facial nerve (CN VII)
What is the action of the orbicularis oris?
Closes the mouth and compresses and protrudes the lips
What is the origin of the orbicularis oris?
Medial maxilla and mandible, deep surface of the peri-oral skin, & angle of the mouth
What is the insertion of the orbicularis oris?
The muccous membrane of the lips
What is the innervation of the orbicularis oris?
Facial nerve (CN VII)
