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Understanding EKG's > EKG FINAL!!!!!!!! > Flashcards

EKG FINAL!!!!!!!! Flashcards

0
Q

Concoctions that are necessary for cardiac cellular function include?

A

Electrolyte balance, pH balance, and temperature balance

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1
Q

The cellular substrates are?

A

Oxygen, water, and carbohydrates

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2
Q

What are the two main coronary arteries

A

Left and right coronary arteries

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3
Q

Where is the left coronary artery located

A

Divides into the left anterior descending artery and the circumflex branch, supplies blood to the heart ventricles and the left atrium

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4
Q

Where is the right coronary artery located

A

Divides into the right posterior descending artery and a large marginal branch, supplies blood to the heart ventricles, right atrium, and the SA node

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5
Q

An inflammation of the serious pericardium

A

Pericarditis

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6
Q

Fine cords of dense connective tissue that attach to papillary muscles in the wall of the ventricles

A

Chordae Tendineae

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7
Q

The smooth outer surface of the heart

A

Epicardium

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8
Q

The thick layer of the heart composed primarily of cardiac muscle cells and responsible for the hearts ability to contract

A

Myocardium

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9
Q

The innermost layer of the heart; composed of thin connective tissue

A

Endocardium

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10
Q

Closed two-layer sac that surrounds the heart

A

Pericardium

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11
Q

Separates the upper chambers of the heart

A

Interatrial septum

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12
Q

Separates the lower chambers of the heart

A

Interventricular septum

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13
Q

The semilunar valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. It has three cusps

A

Pulmonic valve

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14
Q

Has two cusps and is located between the left atrium and left ventricle

A

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

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15
Q

The semilunar valve located between the left ventricle and the trunk of the aorta. Has three cusps

A

Aortic valve

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16
Q

Has three cusps and is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve

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17
Q

Allow for the exchange of oxygen nutrients, and waste products between the blood and body tissue

A

Capillaries

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18
Q

Convey blood back to the heart and operate under low pressure

A

Veins

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19
Q

Convey blood from the heart out to the rest of the body

A

Arteries

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20
Q

Brings oxygenated blood to the left atrium from the lungs

A

Pulmonary veins

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21
Q

Drains blood from the head and neck

A

Superior vena cava

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22
Q

Collects blood from the rest of the body

A

Inferior vena cava

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23
Q

A short trunk that serves to receive deoxygenated blood from the veins of the myocardium

A

Coronary sinus

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24
Q

Movement through a course that leads back to the initial point

A

Circulation

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25
Q

When blood leaves the heart through the right ventricle and travels into the pulmonary artery to the lungs and back through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium

A

Pulmonary circulation

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26
Q

Refers to the gas exchange within the alveolar capillary membranes I. The lung

A

Tissue perfusion

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27
Q

The process by which oxygenated blood is distributed throughout the heart muscle

A

Coronary circulation

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28
Q

The circulation of blood as it leaves the left ventricle and travels through the arteries, capillaries, and veins of the entire body system and back to the primary receptacle of the heart

A

Systemic circulation

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29
Q

The innermost layer of the arterial wall and consists of endothelium and an inner elastic membrane

A

Tunica intima

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30
Q

The middle layer of the arterial wall and consists of smooth muscle cells

A

Tunica media

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31
Q

The outermost layer of the arterial wall and is composed of various connective tissue

A

Tunica adventitia

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32
Q

Responsible for preparation of the body for physical activity. Increases heart rate, increases contractility, and vasoconstriction

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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33
Q

Regulates the calmer functions, decreases heart rate, and vasodilation

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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34
Q

Regulates functions of the body that are involuntary, or not under conscious control

A

Autonomic nervous system

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35
Q

What decreases peripheral vascular resistance

A

Vasodilation

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36
Q

What increases vascular resistance

A

Vasoconstriction

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37
Q

The actual time sequence between ventricular contraction and ventricular relaxation

A

Cardiac cycle

38
Q

Cardiac output formula

A

Stroke volume x heart rate

39
Q

What is the primary neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system

A

Norepinephrine

40
Q

The pressure in the ventricles at the end of diastole

A

Preload

41
Q

The resistance against which the heart must pump

A

Afterload

42
Q

The volume of blood pumped out of one ventricle of the heart in a single contraction

A

Stroke volume

43
Q

The number of contractions per minute of the heart

A

Heart rate

44
Q

The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one minute

A

Cardiac output

45
Q

Average amount of blood per beat in stroke volume

A

70cc

46
Q

The more the myocardial fibers are stretched, up to a certain point, the more forceful the subsequent contractions will be

A

Starling’s law of the heart

47
Q

How are the ions situated in the resting state

A

Potassium (K) concentration is greater inside and sodium (Na) is greater outside

48
Q

Depolarization the ions are

A

Sodium rushes into the cell changing the interior to positive

49
Q

Similar to ventricular tachycardia, morphology of QRS complexes show variations in width and shape

A

Torsades De Pointes

50
Q

What is the landmark feature in a pacemaker rhythm

A

Spike

51
Q

Dual chamber pacemakers

A

AV sequential pacemakers

52
Q

T wave is below the line

A

Inverted T wave

53
Q

ST is above the line

A

ST elevation

54
Q

What causes P waves

A

Hyperkalemia and depolarization of the atrium

55
Q

Stage of cell in which cardiac cell cannot spontaneously depolarize

A

Absolute refractory period

56
Q

The period when repolarization is almost complete and cardiac cell can be stimulated to contract prematurely if the stimulus is much stronger than normal

A

Relative refractory period

57
Q

Intrinsic firing rate of the SA node

A

60-100

58
Q

Intrinsic firing rate of AV node

A

40-60

59
Q

Intrinsic firing rate of the perkinje network

A

20-40

60
Q

Distribute electrical impulse throughout the atria and transmit the impulse from the SA node to the AV node

A

Internodal tracts

61
Q

Two main branches, the right bundle branch and the left bundle branch, conduct electrical activity from the bundle of his down to the Purkinje network

A

Bundle branches

62
Q

The region where the AV node joins the bundle of his

A

AV junction

63
Q

Referred to as the primary pacemaker of the heart because it normally depolarizes more rapidly than any other part of the conduction system

A

SA node

64
Q

Carry electrical impulse directly to ventricular muscle cells

A

Purkinje network

65
Q

Potassium ions can diffuse through the membrane more rapidly than sodium ions by the mechanism of transport called the

A

Sodium- potassium exchange pump

66
Q

Three major cations that affect cardiac function are

A

Potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium

67
Q

Primary cardiac cell characteristics

A

Automaticity, excitability, conductivity, contractility

68
Q

The medium bundle of the hearts conduction system that leads to the AV node

A

Wenckebach’s bundle

69
Q

The posterior internodal tract bundle of muscle fibers connecting the SA node to the AV node

A

Thorel’s pathway

70
Q

Tiny squares on graph paper =

A

0.04 sec

71
Q

15 larger boxes =

A

3 seconds

72
Q

30 large boxes =

A

6 seconds

73
Q

Normal PRI =

A

.12 to .20 seconds

74
Q

Normal QRS =

A

.08 to .12

75
Q

Best lead to get visual from

A

Lead 2

76
Q

ST segment depression

A

Ischemia and acute coronary syndrome

77
Q

What can increase peripheral vascular resistance

A

Hypertension

78
Q

Inadequate cardiac output can be caused by

A

Congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, or shock

79
Q

When a stimulus is strong enough for cardiac cells to reach the threshold, all cells will respond and

A

Contract

80
Q

The ability of cardiac cells to respond to an electrical impulse

A

Excitability

81
Q

The ability of cardiac cells to receive an electrical stimulus and then transmit it to other cardiac cells

A

Conductivity

82
Q

The ability of cardiac pacemaker cells to generate their own electrical impulses spontaneously without external stimulation

A

Automaticity

83
Q

The ability of cardiac cells to shorten and cause cardiac muscle contraction in response to an electrical impulse

A

Contractility

84
Q

The correct order of occurrence of primary cardiac cell action

A

Automaticity, excitability, conductivity, and contractility

85
Q

The major electrolytes that affect cardiac function are

A

Potassium, sodium, and calcium

86
Q

The internodal pathway includes the

A

Wenckebach’s bundle, Thorel’s bundle, and the Bachmann’s bundle

87
Q

Represents ventricular depolarization

A

QRS complex

88
Q

Represents depolarization if the right and left atria

A

P wave

89
Q

Represents ventricular repolarization

A

T wave

90
Q

The time interval during which ventricles are depolarized and ventricular repolarization begins

A

PR interval

91
Q

The main coronary arteries arise from

A

The trunk go the aorta

92
Q

The great coronary vein is also known as

A

Coronary sinus

Understanding EKG's (12 decks)

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