Egypt 1882-1914

Question 1

Who was Lord Cromer?

Answer 1

Consul General 1883-1907 and was a strong Christian

Question 2

What was a positive impact of British rule in Egypt agriculturally?

Answer 2

Aswan Dam in 1902 made half a million acres of desert arable

Question 3

Describe the Denshawai Incident

Answer 3

• 1906
• Clash between British officers and Egyptian villages
• 53 Egyptian arrests, 4 convicted of murder and sentenced to death

Question 4

Example of social oppression

Answer 4

Mass press censorship introduced in 1906 to crush growing nationalism

Question 5

Evidence of increasing British involvement in Egytian government

Answer 5

1885: 100 Britons in Egyptian government
1905: 1000+

Question 6

When did Kitchener become consul of Egypt?

Answer 6

1911

Question 7

Under Kitchener’s consulship, what happened in Egypt?

Answer 7

• In 1913 a new Legislative Assembly replaced the Advisory Council of Laws and General Assembly; represented rich landowners rather than ordinary Egyptians

Question 8

What did Cromer’s Christianity lead him to target

Answer 8

• Arab practices he believed to be immoral
• Stop slave supply
• Slave ownership
• Abolished forced labour
• Outlawed punishment by kurbash (leather whip)
• Stopped local money lending and extortion by est. National Bank and Post Office Savings Bank

Question 9

By 1907, Egypt was…

Answer 9

• …better irrigated, more justly taxed and financially healthier
• Over 10 years, cotton and sugar exports tripled and Egyptian population 7m-10m

Question 10

Evidence for increasing say in government for Egyptians

Answer 10

Egyptian nationalist Zaghloul was appointed judge, Minister of Education 1906-08, Minister of Justice 1910-12 and VP of Leg Assembly in 1913

Question 11

How did Britain exploit Egyptian resources?

Answer 11

• Rather than encouraging domestic manufacturing, British bought raw cotton from Egyptians at low prices and then would sell manufactured cotton goods from Britain at higher prices

Question 12

How many troops in Egypt?

Answer 12

6000

Question 13

What was the Granville Doctrine?

Answer 13

Established by Baring to allow dismissal of Egyptian ministers who didn’t follow British commands

Question 14

Initial example of nationalism

Answer 14

• Britain ‘forced’ to intervene in Egypt because of nationalist Arabi Pasha’s threat
• Hostile nationalist leader Arabi was calling for revolts and if British had compromised with Arabi would have threatened their authority in India
• June 1882 violence kills 50 Europeans
• Series of revolts convinced PM Gladstone to intervene and navy is sent to bombard Alexandria
• Pasha (nationalist leader) declared war but British C-i-C, Sir Wolseley, secured Suez Canal

Question 15

Egyptian Nationalist Party

Answer 15

Formed in 1881 and revived in 1893

Question 16

How did the British prevent a conscious middle class growing?

Answer 16

Rarely offered Egyptians more than 3 years of school and university not founded until 1909

Question 17

What did Gorst do?

Answer 17

• Consul General 1907-11
• Tried to impose tighter censorship in 1909 but failed
• Gorst brought more Egyptians into responsible gov positions to weaken Egyptian National Party

Question 18

After the British occupation of Egypt in 1882, how was power dispersed?

Answer 18

Gladstone reinstalled Tefwiq as puppet ruler but Lord Baring appointed as Consul-G and as ‘adviser’ to the Khedive

Question 19

How did things improve for Egyptians socially?

Answer 19

British legislated to deal with health and welfare of factory workers