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History British Empire > Administration of India up to 1914 > Flashcards

Administration of India up to 1914 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the structure of India’s government post 1858?

A

Viceroy/ Governor General in India
Secretary of State for India in Westminster
Council of India (15 non Indian men who had lived in India)

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2
Q

How many Princely states were ruled by princes?

A

562

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3
Q

How did the Princely States work?

A

In theory, princes had complete authority over their land
Treaties meant each state was under “British protection”
Princes are puppet rulers

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4
Q

How was the Indian Civil Service flawed?

A

The exam took place in Britain (until 1919) and very little education in India

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5
Q

How many Indians in the ICS by 1887?

A

12

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6
Q

What percentage of the ICS was Indian by 1913?

A

5%

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7
Q

What did the British create in India through investment?

A

A middle class

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8
Q

Give some examples of how Indians benefitted from British rule after 1858

A

Health and public services improved, increasing life expectancy
Growth in agriculture and industry created employment
Irrigation programme helped farming
Investment in infrastructure, particularly railways
Religious freedom

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9
Q

Give some examples of how Indians did not benefit from British rule after 1858

A

Growth of cash crops created famine and food shortages
Few Indians could vote or were involved in councils/government
Little investment as 40% of British spending in India was on the army
Exploited: unfair prices for crops
Class divisions emphasised

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10
Q

What underpinned British control in India in the 19th century?

A

Naval supremacy
Communications, technology, telegrams
Railways

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11
Q

How did the ICS help underpin British control over India?

A

Top government moved from Calcutta to Simla leaving the ICS in charge

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12
Q

How did the education system developed by the British help underpin their control?

A

200,000 Indians in English speaking schools by 1870

British hoped to create a loyal, pro-British elite

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13
Q

How did the ICS and introduction of education contribute to growing nationalism?

A

Elite became politically aware and their nationalist ideas grew and were spread

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14
Q

When was the Ilbert Bill issued and under which Viceroy?

A

1883

Lord Ripon

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15
Q

What did the Ilbert Bill do?

A

It said that Indian judges could try an accused European

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16
Q

What was the “White Mutiny”?

A

British response to the Ilbert Bill
Opposition in Britain played on racial tensions
Propaganda circulated that Indian judges couldn’t be trusted

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17
Q

What was the outcome of the White Mutiny?

A

The Ilbert Bill was changed to a European defendant had the right to be trialled by an at least half European jury

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18
Q

When, where and by whom was the Indian National Congress founded?

A

28th December 1885
Bombay
(British) A O Hume

19
Q

What were the original aims of the INC?

A

Promote fusion of everyone in the subcontinent into one nation
Help consolidate union between England and India by calling for reforms against certain things

20
Q

What was the INC’s main method?

A

Social regeneration and conscious raising

21
Q

When was the second Indian Councils’ Act passed and what did it do?

A

1892

It modestly increased the number of Indians on Provincial Legislative Courts

22
Q

Which religion initially dominated the INC?

A

Hindus

23
Q

When was the fist Indian Councils’ Act pass and what did it do?

A

1861

Legislative Council now included Indian advisors but appointed by the Viceroy

24
Q

When were Ripon reforms passed and what did they do?

A

1883

Local councils, of Indian majority, were given extra powers to raise money for local workers

25
Q

By 1900, what were the British main concerns over their claim to India?

A

Russian Empire expanding through central Asia; India particularly vulnerable to Afghanistan
Mediterranean route to India under threat by Ottoman Empire

26
Q

Outline the Partition of Bengal

A

In effect 16th October 1905
No formal consultation with Indians or Bengals
Plan approved by Secretary of State

27
Q

What city laid in Western Bengal and who made up its population?

A

Calcutta
42 million Hindus
9 million Muslims

28
Q

What city laid in Eastern Bengal and who made up its population?

A

Dacca
12 million Hindus
18 million Muslims

29
Q

Who enacted the partition of Bengal?

A

Lord Curzon

30
Q

What are some causes for the partition?

A

Bengal had been a problem for a long time
78 million people
Vulnerable to famine
Prone to unrest
Divide and rule: divisions between Hindus and Muslims

31
Q

What percentage was the Indian population Hindu:Muslim?

A

70% to 24%

32
Q

When and where did Muslims create the Muslim League?

A

December 1906

Dacca

33
Q

When were Muslims forced out of Congress?

A

After 1905

34
Q

Outline the split of the INC

A

1907
Moderates lead by Gokhali
Radicals/agressive nationalists lead by Tilak

35
Q

When and what was the Lucknow Pact?

A

October 1916
Between INC and Muslim League
Muslim League leaders agreed to join the Congress movement demanding Indian autonomy

36
Q

What did the Indian Councils Act of 1909 grant?

A

Allowed Indians to sit on the Imperial Legislative Council
Council grew from 16 to 60 additional Indian members
Elective element in provincial councils
Separate communal representation for Muslims in provincial councils

37
Q

What were the Morely-Minto Reforms?

A

Announced 1909 to increase Indian participation in governing India
For the first time, an Indian was appointed to the Viceroy’s executive council and two to the Secretary of State’s Indian Council in London
Aimed to give Indians opportunities to be listened to but not necessarily acted upon

38
Q

Who was John Morely?

A

Secretary of State for India 1905-1911

39
Q

Who was Gilbert. Eliot, Fourth Earl of Minto?

A

Viceroy of India 1905-1910

40
Q

Who was Lord Hardinge?

A

Viceroy of India 1910-1916

41
Q

What did Lord Hardinge do for India?

A

Reunified Bengal in 1911
In favour of political reform
Moved capital from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911

42
Q

When did the Second Anglo-Afghan war begin?

A

November 1878 declared by Disraeli

43
Q

When was the invasion of Tibet?

A

1903-1904

History British Empire (19 decks)

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