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Effect of Science Flashcards

1
Q

Radioactivity

A

when an atom changes the number of protons in the nucleus and releases radiation

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2
Q

Niels Bohr

A

Danish physicist who developed the quantum model of the atom showing that only certain electron orbitals exist

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3
Q

Marie Curie

A

Polish-French physicist and chemist who defined radioactivity as a property of atoms (uranium/thorium experiment) and helped discover radium and polonium; wife of Pierre Curie

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4
Q

Wolfgang Pauli

A

Austrian physicist who discovered the existence of neutrons and developed the Pauli exclusion principle

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5
Q

Nicolaus Copernicus

A

Polish mathematician and scientist who discovered heliocentricity, which explains that the Sun, not the Earth, is the center of the solar system

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6
Q

Michael Faraday

A

English scientist who discovered electromagnetic induction

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7
Q

Uncertainty Principle

A

a fundamental property of nature: it is impossible to exactly determine both the position and momentum of a particle at a given time

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8
Q

James Clerk Maxwell

A

Scottish physicist who developed the theory of electromagnetism; showed that electricity, magnetism, and light are all manifestations of the electric field

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9
Q

Murray Gell-Mann

A

American physicist who proposed that matter is made of quarks

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10
Q

Eratosthenes

A

Greek mathematician and geographer who founded the science of geography and accurately calculated Earth’s size

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11
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A

German physician and scientist who was the pioneer of modern pathology; proposed that diseases arose from their individual cells

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12
Q

Dmitri Ivanovsky

A

Russian biologist who proved the existence of an infectious agent causing disease in tobacco plants using the Chamberland filter-candle

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13
Q

Greenhouse Gases

A

gases which, when present in elevated quantities in Earth’s atmosphere, trap solar radiation and cause the planet to warm

Example: carbon dioxide

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14
Q

Isaac Newton

A

English mathematician and scientist who formulated the Laws of Motion and the Law of Universal Gravitation

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15
Q

Greenhouse Effect

A

the trapping of the sun’s heat in the atmosphere due to the increased presence of gases in the atmosphere; light is allowed to pass through, but heat is trapped, similar to the glass walls of a greenhouse

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16
Q

Edwin Hubble

A

American astronomer who developed Hubble’s Law, providing insight into the expanding universe

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17
Q

Harold Urey

A

American chemist who discovered deuterium, a radioactive molecule of hydrogen, and collaborated on the Urey-Miller abiogenesis experiment showing a possible origin of life on Earth

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18
Q

Ernest Rutherford

A

New Zealand physicist who discovered that nearly all the mass of an atom is in its nucleus and contributed to the Geiger-Marsden gold foil experiments

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19
Q

John Michell

A

English philosopher who:

Described the cause of earthquakes

Described earthquakes as waves

Invented the torsion balance to measure the mass of the Earth

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20
Q

Acid Rain

A

rain with a lower pH than neutral

corrosive to many substances, including rocks

often caused by pollution

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21
Q

Aristotle

A

Greek philosopher; created the first taxonomy of organisms by grouping animals with similar characteristics

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22
Q

Francis Crick

A

English biologist who proposed that the structure of DNA is a double helix (with James Watson and Rosalind Franklin)

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23
Q

James Hutton

A

Swedish geologist who developed the theory of uniformitarianism, explaining that Earth is continuously being formed

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24
Q

J.J. Thomson

A

British physicist who conducted cathode-ray experiments to discover the electron and proposed the “plum pudding model of an atom”

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25
Fossil Fuels
a natural non-renewable fuel source. derived from underground, fossilized (petrified) remains of living organisms. Example: natural gas, petroleum, coal
26
Stratigraphy
the branch of geology that studies the formation and characteristics of rock strata
27
Democritus
Greek philosopher who believed that atoms were uniform, incompressible, and indestructible; named the building blocks of matter atomos
28
Max Planck
German physicist who discovered the photoelectric effect leading to the principle of quantum mechanics
29
Werner Heisenberg
German physicist who developed the uncertainty principle
30
Rosalind Franklin
British chemist who used X-ray crystallography to research the DNA molecule's density and helical shape
31
James Watson
American biologist who proposed that the structure of DNA is a double helix (with James Watson and Rosalind Franklin)
32
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Dutch microbiologist; founded the science of microscopy by describing microscopic organisms
33
Daniel Bernoulli
Swiss mathematician and physicist who developed the Bernoulli Principle to explain the relationship between the speed and pressure of a fluid
34
Stanley Miller
American chemist who discovered that organic amino acids could be made from inorganic molecules; performed the Urey-Miller abiogenesis experiment showing a possible origin of life on Earth (with Harold Urey)
35
Pierre Curie
French physicist who helped discover radium and polonium; husband of Marie Curie
36
Alfred Wegener
German geologist who developed the theory of continental drift
37
Stephen Jay Gould
American paleontologist who developed the evolutionary theory of punctuated equilibrium
38
Scientific Method
a series of deliberate steps by which scientists observe, hypothesize, test, analyze data, and communicate results
38
Harry Hess
American geologist who discovered seafloor spreading
39
Louis Pasteur
French biologist, chemist, and pharmacist known as the father of germ theory; created the first vaccinations for rabies and anthrax, discovered airborne illnesses, disprove the theory of spontaneous generation using the swan neck flask
40
Shen Kuo
Chinese mathematician and scientist who invented the magnetic compass and defined "true north" as magnetic north
41
Alexander Fleming
Scottish physician and microbiologist who discovered the first antibiotic (penicillin)
42
Carl Linnaeus
Swedish biologist known as the father of taxonomy; developed the modern system of classification used to name, identify, and classify living things
43
Erwin Schrödinger
Austrian physicist who developed the main equation for quantum physics and proposed the electron cloud model of the atom
44
Natural Selection
the process by which, over time, the population as a whole contains more individuals who are better suited to that environment. Example: faster antelopes survive to pass down traits
45
Gregor Mendel
Austrian biologist known as the father of modern genetics; formulated the three laws of inheritance based on his experiments on pea plants, leading to his terming of dominant and recessive genes.
46
Johannes Kepler
German astrologer and mathematician who proposed three laws of planetary motion that describe the orbits of the planets as ellipses
47
Christiaan Huygens
Dutch mathematician and physicist who supported the wave nature of light
48
Continental Drift
the movement of continents due to the activity of the tectonic plates beneath them
49
Feedback Loop (In Systems)
the part of a system in which some (or all) of the system's output is used as input for future operations Example: body temperature regulation - the body temperature is achieved and then measured for future changes needed
50
Nicolas Steno
Danish scientist who developed stratigraphy, the study of Earth's layers
51
Principle of Uniformitarianism
the belief that physical laws, and therefore geologic processes, are constant; these processes have always occurred in the same manner at the same rate and will continue to do so
51
Non-Renewable Resources
resources which will be depleted faster than they can be replenished Example: natural gas, petroleum
51
Robert Hooke
English scientist who developed Hooke's law for springs (elasticity) and described the expansion of matter when heated
51
Albert Einstein
German physicist who: Proposed the equivalence of matter and energy based on the constant speed of light in all reference frames Developed the theory of general relativity stating that an object's gravity is due to the curvature of space Proposed the existence and size of atoms using Brownian Motion Explained the photoelectric effect as due to the quantization of light
52
Dmitri Mendeleev
A chemist (1834-1907) who published the first periodic table with elements arranged by mass
53
Theodor Schwann
German physicist and physiologist who extended cell theory to include animal cells
54
Inge Lehmann
Danish seismologist and geophysicist who discovered Earth's inner core
55
Heliocentricity
the accepted astronomical model that the sun is at the center of our solar system; theory was put forth by Copernicus in 1543 and expanded upon by Galileo in 1632
56
John Dalton
English chemist and physicist who developed the fixed orbital model of the atom using gas phase experiments
57
Risk Assessment
the process of identifying, evaluating, and prioritizing potential risks and uncertainties that may affect the achievement of objectives, allowing organizations to make informed decisions and implement mitigation strategies to minimize negative impacts
58
Global Warming / Climate Change
an overall increase in average global temperatures due to the greenhouse effect (the increasing amount of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere trapping more heat)
59
Antoine Lavoisier
French chemist who contributed to the chemical naming system
59
Scientific Knowledge
scientific fact discovered using the scientific method
60
Thomas Hunt Morgan
American biologist who advanced the theory of genetics by studying fruit flies
61
Galileo Galilei
Italian mathematician and scientist who furthered Copernicus' idea of heliocentricism, discovered Jupiter's moons, and was credited with the scientific method
62
Matthias Jakob Schleiden
German botanist; co-founder of cell theory (with Theodor Schwann); proposed that all structural plant parts are made of cells
63
Charles Darwin
an English naturalist who developed the idea of natural selection and the theory of evolution; these ideas were published in the book On the Origin of Species
64
Renewable Resources
resources which replenish at the same (or faster) rate than the rate at which they are used Example: wind energy, solar energy, hydroelectric power

FTCE Science (15 decks)

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