EEG, ARAS and sleep wake cycle - Ruff

Question 1

Characterization of EEG during a generalized seizure

Answer 1

Rapid, spiking waves in all areas of the brain usually occurs w/ LOC

Question 2

Characterization of EEG during a complex, partial seizure

Answer 2

Rapid, spiking waves in different areas of the brain during different times

Question 3

EEG in Waking, Non-REM and REM stages

Answer 3

Waking = fast, short beta waves
Non-REM = Slow, big theta and delta waves
REM = fast, short beta waves

Question 4

EMG in Waking, Non-REM and REM stages

Answer 4

Waking = lots of activity
Non-REM = less activity but still tonic activity
REM = no activity = atonic (no muscle tone)

Question 5

EOG in Waking, Non-REM and REM stages

Answer 5

Waking = saccades
Non-REM = slow waves, no movement
REM = saccades

Question 6

Types of waves associated with stages of sleep

Answer 6

Awake eyes open = Beta
Awake eyes closed = Alpha
Stage 1 = theta
Stage 2 = spindles and K complexes
Stage 3(4) = Delta
REM = Beta

Question 7

Describe Sleep apnea

Answer 7

Breathing is disrupted and doesn’t allow body to reach the deeper stages of sleep (stages 2-3(4)) Leads to daytime fatigue and sleepiness

Question 8

What promotes wakefulness

Answer 8

The ARAS (ascending reticular activating system)
It is a diverse group of nuclei in the brainstem, hypothalamus and basal forebrain. It uses monoamines and acetylcholine and projects to the cortex and thalamus

Question 9

Neurotransmitter associated with wakefulness

Answer 9

Histamine (tuberomammillary nucleus)

Question 10

Cholinergic nuclei associated with ARAS

Answer 10

LDT and PPT and the basal forebrain

Question 11

Area associated with Orexin

Answer 11

Lateral hypothalamus
Secretes neuropeptides Orexin -> promotes arousel
and MCH(melanin-concentrating hormone) -> promotes REM sleep

Question 12

Complete loss of orexin secreting neurons leads to and partial loss associated with

Answer 12

Complete = Narcolepsy
Partial = Parkinson's and TBI

Question 13

Neuro chemicals associated with preoptic area

Answer 13

Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus and median preoptic nucleus promote sleep
Neurochemicals = GABA and Galanin

Question 14

Function of Preoptic area

Answer 14

Promote sleep

Question 15

Sleep physiology from first aid

Answer 15

Suprachiasmatic nucleus -> releases NE -> stimulates pineal gland to release melatonin -> promotes sleep

Question 16

Projections of LDT and PPT

Answer 16

Cholinergic projection to the thalamus is excitatory
Cholinergic projection to the reticular nucleus is inhibitory
Promotes wakefulness

Question 17

Description of Dreams during REM and Non-REM sleep

Answer 17

Non-REM = less frequent, not vivid and not emotional
REM = Vivid, emotional sometimes socially inappropriate content.
Memory portion of cingulate gyrus is inactive and probably the reason you don’t remember your dreams

Question 18

Pathway during Non-REM sleep

Answer 18

Pre-optic nuclei inhibit the LDT and PPT-> allows the reticular nucleus to inhibit the thalamus

Question 19

Pathway during REM sleep

Answer 19

Similar to waking
A subset (REM-on neurons) of LDT and PPT send excitatory cholinergic projections to the thalamus and inhibitory cholinergic projections to the reticular nucleus
Thalamus then sends “sensory info” to cortex

Question 20

Describe REM behavior disorder

Answer 20

Caused by a loss of REM atonia (retain muscle tone during REM sleep)
More common in older patients
Loss of atonia leads to acting out dreams and talking and can be harmful to partner
Could be an early indicator of alpha synucleinopathies (parkinson’s and lewy body dementia)

Question 21

Describe short term and long term lack of sleep consequences

Answer 21

Short term = Cognitive impairment (longer reaction time and poor judgment)
Long term = Cognitive decline, problems with homeostasis, infections, hallucinations, seizures and eventual death if sustained

Question 22

Is REM sleep necessary?

Answer 22

Nope