EEG and Sleep Flashcards
diffuse projections to the cortex, wakes up the cortex
-path: brain stem (rostral pons) to cerebellum, to pineal, to intralaminar nuclei, to thalamic reticular nucleus, to cortex
reticular activating system
records voltage over time between electrodes, specific locations on scalp
EEG
EEG measures changes in ___________ of cortical neurons, NOT recording _________
resting membrane potential, action potentials
the pacemaker is the _______ that keeps neurons oscilalting together, the nueron type is ________
thalamic reticular nucleus, GABAergic (inhibitory, hyperpolarize)
______ activity occurs during alert wakefulness, eyes open, _____ amplitude, _____ frequency
beta, low, high
______ activity occurs during relaxed wakefulness with eyes closed, _____ amplitude, _____ frequency
alpha, high, low
stage 1 sleep (drowsy) has ______ waves
theta
stage 2 sleep has _______ and ______
sleep spindles, k complexes
stage 3 and 4 sleep is ________ wave, with ______ type waves
slow, delta
the brain during REM sleep is ______ physiologically active then during non-REM sleep
more
high amplitude, low frequency waves such as sleep spindles, alpha, and delta rhythyms
synchronized
low amplitude, high frequency waves, beta rhythym
desynchronized
upon falling asleep a person enters ______ of slow wave sleep
stage 1
cycles of slow wave sleep and REM sleep continue throughout the night with a period of about ______ minutes
90
REM sleep periods ______ in duration throughout the night
increase
______ sleep usually occurs just prior to waking in the morning
REM
the early sleep cycles are ______, reaching stage ___ and ____
deepest, 3 and 4
later sleep cycles are shallower reaching only stage ___
2
the amount of time spent in stage 4 sleep is _____ in early adolescence and _____ in old age
greatest, least
in slow wave sleep, neuronal activity is low, _____ and _______ are at their lowest
metabolic rate, brain temperature
active inhibition of alpha motorneurons prevents movements
atonia
brain control of REM sleep includes systems that actively _______ alpha motor neurons, producing atonia, desynchronize the EEG, etc.
inhibit
______ neurons in the nucleus basalis associated with the RAS project to the thalamus
cholinergic
acetylcholine causes ________ of forebrain neuons, causing cells to discharge in the tonic mode which results in a ________ EEG
depolarization, desynchronized
drugs that inhibit ______ can cause insomnia
serotonin
median raphe of reticular formation and preoptic area of hypothalamus lesions produce _______, injection of ______ into ares induces slow wave sleep
insomnia, serotonin
serotonergic circuits are important for producing _______ sleep
slow wave
in substantia nigra, deficiency produces REM sleep disorder
dopaminergic
pacemaker that monitors the light/dark cycle, receives input from the hypothalamic tract by light sensitive retinal ganglion cells (melanopsin), SCN –> pineal –> melatonin
suprachiasmatic nucleus
slow wave sleep essential for ______ and REM sleep essential for __________
restoration, memory consolidation
