Education Topic 2- Flashcards
State the interactionist way of observing education
Interactionists use micro or small scaled deatailed studies of what happens in schools/classrooms.
By using qualitative research methods such as unstructured interviews or participant, non-participant observations interactionists discover how interactions affect educational success
State how unstructured interviews work
Unstructured interviews are less rigid than structured.
Very little/no concern of their nature will be decided in advances
Often start with 1/2 Qs picking up on issues this interviews raises.
More difficult to analyse but have greater validity, as interviewers will be more likely to report whatever they wish to say and the researchers can be flexible in their approach
State how participant observations work
Participant observations work by having the researcher become a member of the group whose behaviour they’re watching
State how non participant observations work
Non participant observations work when the researcher doesn’t become a member of the group whose behaviour they’re watching and recording
State 8 school processes and organisation factors that affect underachievement in education
1- quality of teachers 2- head teachers leadership 3- school ethos 4- teacher attitudes and expectations 5- teacher-pupil interactions 6- school discipline 7- the curriculum 8- setting
7 things school ethos may include:
1) all pupils are valued and encouraged to reach potential
2) emphasis on academic, artistic and sporting success
3) emphasis on smsc development of students
4) emphasis on = opportunities and intolerance to discrimination
5) parents encouraged to get involved and communicated regularly with
6) good relationships between staff and pupils
7) school encourages participation
What is school ethos
those values and beliefs which the school. officially supports.
What does smsc stand for
Social, moral, spiritual and cultural
Examples of things taught by the hidden curriculum
Punctuality
Dress code
Respect for authoritatives
Teaching kids the importance of completing tasks they may not enjoy
Who studied 12 schools on teacher interactions
Rutter et al
What was Rutter et als study on 12 schools and their findings
Rutter et al studied 12 schools and found that the key features that made a difference were:
Teachers being well prepared
High expectations for pupils
Teachers set good examples
Teachers place more emphasis on praise rather than punishment
There’s a Positive and focused atmosphere
What is the halo effect
Stereotypes made by teachers= well behaved students seen as bright and hardworking, therefore receiving more encouragement and support. The opposite can occur stroppy/disruptive students may be seen as lazy/less bright
Waterhouse’s findings on teacher labelling
Waterhouse found that once labels had be applied there can be a pivotal identity for pupils- a core identity providing a pivot which teachers can use to interpret and reinterpret behaviour
He observed examples of normal, conformist behaviour of pupils being labelled. This construction by teachers could lead to self fulfilling prophecies. This could also lead to teacher-student conflict, classroom disruption and the formulation of pro and anti school subcultures
Who came up with the ideal pupil identity
Hempel-Jorgensen
What was hemple-Jorgensen’s ideal pupil identity
Included things such as hard work, concentration, listening, performing well academically and good behaviour.
Hemple-jorgensen’s study on the ideal pupil label
Conducted a year long study of 12 schools in Hampshire and suggested students had their own idea of the “ideal learner”, which is very similar to the teachers.
These ideas of the ideal pupil have become a significant reference point for teachers d the extent of students conformity effects how they deal with pupils
Backers findings on the ideal pupil
Becker believes that teachers evaluate students in regards to their “ideal pupil” - the typical conforming pupil. Students social class and conformity to teachers middle class standards were the most tors influencing teacher labelling, along with ethnic background and sex
Rosenthal and jacbobsons iq test experiment
gave IQ tests to 20% of randomly selected students in a school in California. Teachers were told to expect improvement in selected students results. A year later students were retested and there was a dramatic improvement in IQ = = teachers believing in students led to them improving
Harley and sutton findings on gender stereotypes
Studied 140 children from 3 state schools. 2 Groups told different things. G1= “g perform better than b” and the others weren’t told anything (controlled group)
They were tested on maths, English, reading and writing. G1 b performed worse than b in g2. G performed about the same in both groups. This suggests that’s boys poor performance nationally may be explained by negative stereotypes
What is banding and streaming
Banding and streaming = Students divided into similar ability groups in which they stay for all subjects
What is setting
Setting = Students divided into subject specific ability groups
Ball findings on encouragement between different sets and streams
Ball found that top stream students were encouraged to achieve highly and follow academic courses.
Lower streams were encouraged to follow vocational/practical courses and consequently achieved lower academically, and leaving school asap
Smyth et al findings on lower stream pupils attitudes
Smyth et al found that lower stream classes have negative attitudes to school and disengage from school life. Therefore streaming has harmful effects on self esteem and self confidence, and has a negative effect on attainment
How does streaming disadvantage lower class students
Streaming is often linked to stereotypes of the ideal pupil. Also often puts poorer pupils at a disadvantage, and favours middle class students, therefore contributing to the underachievement of w. Class students
Keddie findings on how teachers teach different sets
Keddie = teachers teach high and low streams different. High streams, pupils are expected to behave better and work harder. Teachers give them more context/opportunities, leading to them achieving more.
Lower stream, w. Class pupils might therefore underachieve partly because they have been deprived the same access and opportunities as higher streams
What is education triage
Gillborn and youdell
Educational triage = Priority is focused on students who are most likely to get 5 A*-C grades or students who are on the C/D boundaries
Whose concept is education triage
Gillborn and youdell
Why do schools priorities 2 groups of students and not all
Educational triage (gillborn and youdell) First two groups improve league table positions and give schools a good reputation, therefore those not expected to achieve D/C minimum aren’t prioritised
What category of students are most likely to be “forgotten” with reviewing education help and therefore be disadvantaged
Those most likely to be forgotten are disadvantaged, lower-w. Class white and black students, predominantly boys, those with special education needs
What are school subcultures
School subcultures = groups of students who share values, norms and behaviour, which gives them a sense of identity
How to students react to labelling
Students often react to labelling by forming school subcultures
Lacey definition of differentiation
Lacey- differentiation is categorising students based on attitude and ability.
Lacey definition on polarisation
Lacey - polarisation is the consequence of differentiation where students are divided into two groups or “poles”. These are high ability and low ability students. High ability students are generally more valued
What are pro school subcultures
Pro school subculture is generally groups of pupils who conform to school expectations; usually higher ability students
What are Anti school subcultures
Anti school subcultures are a way for students to get back at the system for denying them status by labelling them as failures, by putting them in lower streams and sets. This subcultures of resistance improves self esteem, however participation in subcultures contribute to underachievement
Jackson :< findings on girls subcultures
Jackson believes girls are increasingly part of anti school subcultures and adopt “ladette” behaviour. However, some girls still try to achieve and hide their effort/work
Woods findings on only two subcultures
Woods believes the idea of two subcultures is simplistic, and there is a wide variety of adaptations to school, and responses may change over time. They found 8 responses ranging from pro to anti shook
Woods 8 types of subcultures
Ingratiation Compliance Opportunism Ritualism Retreatsim Colonisation Intransigence Rebellion
Woods ingratiation subcultures
Woods ingratiation subcultures = pro school, conformity, eager to please teachers
Woods compliance subcultures
Woods compliance subcultures = conformity to gain qualifications- doesn’t necessarily like school
Woods opportunism subcultures
Woods opportunism subcultures = try to gain teacher and peer approval- move between both, depending on which is the most beneficial at the time
Woods ritualism subcultures
Woods ritualism subcultures = lack of interest in school, but conform to avoid trouble
Woods retreatism subcultures
Woods retreatism subcultures = indifferent to school, drop out of involvement (including subcultures)
Woods colonisation subcultures
Woods colonisation subcultures = accept what school offers, reject what is forbids
Woods intransigence subcultures
Woods intransigence subcultures = trouble makers - not bothered by consequences
Woods rebellion subcultures
Woods rebellion subcultures = outright rejection of schools
