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Sociology > Basics > Flashcards

Basics Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define sociology

A

The study of society - aims to find out how society works from positive and negative aspects

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2
Q

Define society

A

Society is a large social group that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and cultural expectations

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3
Q

What is ascribed status

A

Ascribed status is someone who was born with an important status

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4
Q

What is achieved status

A

Achieved status is someone who had to work hard to gain their status

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5
Q

What is cultural diversity

A

Cultural diversity means not all society Jesy have the same culture

Eg- UK and China have different approaches to things

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6
Q

What is cultural universals

A

Some people may judge another culture as it’s very different to their own - the acceptance that there are differences but every culture should be treated the same

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7
Q

What is cultural relativism

A

Culture relativism is where some cultures share the same idea

Eg- family

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8
Q

WhT are Norms

A

Norms are the unspoken and unwritten rules of behaviour in everyday life

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9
Q

What are values

A

Values are the beliefs that we all share that form the basis for our norms

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10
Q

What does role mean

A

Role means the part we play in society

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11
Q

What is status

A

Status is the position a person has in out society

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12
Q

What do functionalists believe

A

Functionalists believe every institution in a society play a role and work together to ensure society runs smoothly

They compare society to a human body

Structuralist perspective

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13
Q

What do Marxists believe

A

Marxists believe that society is divided into two classes

Bourgeoisie and proletariat

Two classes are in conflict as the railing class only stay in power by exploiting their workers

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14
Q

What do feminists believe

A

Feminists believe society is divided by sex

Men have all the power (patriarchy)

They want men and women to have equal rights

~~ your status affects your status

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15
Q

What are the key beliefs of the new right

A

They want a return to traditional values

They see anything that goes against these values as deviant

~~ things should be more traditional

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16
Q

Who is known as the father of sociology

A

Emile Durkheim is known as the father of sociology

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17
Q

What type of theory is a consensus theory and why

A

Functionalism is a consensus theory as it believes society is in agreement

18
Q

Who is Talcott Parsons and what did he believe

A

functionalist (1902 - 1979)

Talcott Parsons played a vital role in the development of functionalism as a sociological approach

He saw society as a system of interrelated institutions which contributed to its smooth running and continuity

He thought the main role of an institution was to socialise individuals and ensure that they understood the underlying values of their society and behaved in acceptable ways.

19
Q

What is primary socialisation

A

Functionalism

Primary socialisation = socialised into the Norms and values of a society by your family

20
Q

What is secondary socialisation

A

Functionalism

Secondary socialisation is a continuation of socialism into the norms and values of society by social institutions other than family

21
Q

Strengths of functionalism

A

-benefit everyone

Positive view on society

Ideal

All have to play a role

22
Q

Weaknesses of functionalism

A

Doesn’t acknowledge conflict

Too idealistic

Not everyone has the same opportunities

Assumes all socialisation is the same - ignores cultural differences

23
Q

Who is Karl Marx and what does he believe

A

Marxism was first developed by Karl Marx (1818 - 1883)

Thought individual behaviour was shaped by society but he believed that the economic system defined society and peoples place within it

Structuralist perspective

24
Q

Strengths of Marxism

A

Strengths -

Benefits working class

Points out problems in the class system

25
Q

Weaknesses of Marxism

A

Too negative - communism isn’t a perfect solution

Underestimates the proletariat

Doesn’t consider other inequalities (gender)

26
Q

What is the bourgeoisie

A

Bourgeoise (capitalists) are a small powerful group who owned the factories and other places of employment

27
Q

What are the proletariat

A

The proletariat are the “workers” in the hands of the bourgeoise”

Unaware of the “exploitation” from the bourgeoisie that’s why a conflict has never arisen

28
Q

What are the four basic features of feminism

A

1) there are inequalities in power and status between men and women and the idea that men dominate women and subordinate to them in most areas of social life
2) these inequalities generate differences of interest and conflict between men and women - they are conflict theories
3) gender roles and inequalities are socially constructed and can be changed
4) a recognition of patriarchy. Walby sees patriarchy embedded in 6 structures which combine to keep women in a position of subordination

29
Q

What are walnuts 6 structures of patriarchy

A

1) the household: women have a responsibility for housework and childcare limiting work opportunities
2) paid work: lower paid, lower status and more part time temporary jobs
3) the state: policies are primarily in men’s interest (tampon tax)
4) sexuality: different standard of behaviour expected of men and women
5) male violence: domestic violence and rape are condoned or ignored inadequately tacked by the state
6) cultural institutions: religion, media, education and other institutions all reinforce patriarchy

30
Q

Name the different types of feminism

A

Liberal
Radical
Marxist

31
Q

What do liberal feminists believe

A

Liberal believe we can gain equality though changes of legislation- inequalities because of stereotyping, gender role socialisation

1975 sex discrimination act/ 1970 equal pay act

32
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of liberal feminism

A

Strengths:
Research had produced evidence gender differences are socially constructed

Weaknesses:
Only deals with subordination rather than challenged fundamental causes

33
Q

What do radical feminists believe

A

Radical:

Regard patriarchy as the most fundamental form of inequality

Believe all relationships with men will involve sexual politics - power struggle

Women should free themselves from oppression by living their lives separate

34
Q

Criticisms of radical feminism

A

-assumes all women share common interest- fails to recognise other factors eg race

Fails to acknowledge improvements

Doesn’t offer any solution

Sees men as enemy

35
Q

What do Marxist feminists believe

A

Marxist feminists:

Believe capitalism is the source of women’s inequality

Women used as cheap labour- childcare etc

Ansley- women are “takers of shit” they absorb men’s anger at their exploitation at work which helps to keep capitalism stable

36
Q

Criticisms of Marxists feminism

A

Marxist feminism:

Fail to explain patriarchy has existed in all known society not just capitalist ones

Men not just capitalism benefit from women’s subordination and who enjoy positions of power and status

37
Q

What happened in the first wave of Demi’s jam

A

First feminist wave:

Women’s suffrage

Women campaigned and won the right to vote in 1928

De Jure - officially mandated inequality

1972 book- a vindication of the rights of women by Mary Wollstonecraft

Focus on political rights

38
Q

What happened in the second wave of feminism

A

Second wave of feminism:

De Facto- unofficial inequalities

Began around 1960s

Reproductive

Equality in the workplace

Divorce laws

Focus on legal and social inequalities

1970 pay act and 1975 sex discrimination act

39
Q

What happened in the third wave of feminism

A

Third wave of feminism:

Gender violence

Reclaiming derogatory terms

Began around the 1990s

Over emphasis on upper middle class white women

Began Around 1990s

40
Q

What happened in the fourth wave of feminism

A

Fourth wave:

Began around 1912

Focuses on:
Sexual harassment, including street harassment

Workplace discrimination

Body shaming

Sexist imagery in the media

Online misogyny

41
Q

Key ideas of new right

A

New right key ideas:

An emphasis on the individual rather than the group

A strong support for free enterprise (market capitalism)

An emphasis on competition and choice as a way of driving up standards in public services such as health care and education

Reduced state provision of welfare benefits- self sufficient

Sociology (14 decks)

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