EDs

Question 1

What are the spectra, subfactors and syndromes/disorders associated with eating disorders

Answer 1

Spectra: internalizing
Subfactors: eating pathology
Syndromes/disorders: bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, binge eating disorder

Question 2

What are the key symptoms of eating disorders

Answer 2

Cognitive restraint
Dietary restriction
Binge eating
Compensatory behaviours
Weight/shape concern

Question 3

What is cognitive restraint

Answer 3

The intent to reduce food consumption

Question 4

What is dietary restriction

Answer 4

An actual decrease in energy intake - the amount and the kinds of foods that are eaten

Question 5

What is binge eating

Answer 5

Consuming an objectively large amount of food, in a discrete period of time with a feeling of loss of control

Question 6

What are purging compensatory behaviours

Answer 6

They physically remove the food like vomiting, laxatives and diuretics

Question 7

What are non-purging compensatory behaviours

Answer 7

Counteracts the ingestion of food indirectly - restriction and compensatory exercise
“Making up” for eating too much

Question 8

How would we explain weight and shape concern

Answer 8

Characterized by body dissatisfaction, preoccupation with weight and shape and the over-valuation of weight and shape
Weight and/or shape play an excessively important role in determining self-worth

Question 9

Who termed Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and who termed Bulimia Nervosa (BN). Which one is older

Answer 9

AN: Sir William Gull
BN: Gerald Russell
AN is older

Question 10

What are the core features of AN

Answer 10

Underweight BMI (usually < 17.5)
Dietary restrictions

Question 11

How does AN typically present vs how can it sometimes present

Answer 11

Typical presentation: body dissatisfaction, weight concerns, undue influence of weight/shape on self-esteem
Sometimes: binge eating, purging, excessive exercise

Question 12

When someone is in a state of AN, are their action ego-dystonic or ego-syntonic

Answer 12

Ego-syntonic

Question 13

What are the core features of BN

Answer 13

Binge eating
Compensatory behaviours
Undue influence of weight/shape on self-esteem

Question 14

How does BN typically present

Answer 14

Body dissatisfaction
Weight concerns
Dietary restrictions

Question 15

Do individuals with BN experience significant distress or impairment

Answer 15

There is some impairment

Question 16

What are the core features of BED

Answer 16

Binge eating
Absence of compensatory behaviours

Question 17

How can BED sometimes present itself

Answer 17

Body dissatisfaction
Weight concerns
Dietary restrictions

Question 18

What is one symptom that individuals with BED must present with

Answer 18

Significant distress

Question 19

What are the specifiers of AN

Answer 19

Restrictive and Binge-purge

Question 20

What are the residual diagnostic categories of eating disorders

Answer 20

ARFID: Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
OSFED: Other Specified Feed and Eating Disorder
USFED: Unspecified Feeding and Eating Disorder

Question 21

What disorders fit into the OSFED category

Answer 21

Sub-threshold AN, BN, BED
Atypical AN (all criteria except low BMI)
Purging Disorder
Night Eating Syndrome

Question 22

True or false: more people fall into the strict diagnostic categories of AN, BN and BED than into the residual diagnostic categories

Answer 22

False: more people are fall into OSFED and USFED

Question 23

True or false: it is strongly and equally likely for someone with AN-R to develop AN-BP and the reverse as well

Answer 23

True

Question 24

True or false: It is more likely for someone with AN-BP to develop BN than it is for someone with BN to develop AN-BP

Answer 24

True

Question 25

True or false: It is more likely for someone with BED to develop BN than it is for someone with BN to develop BED

Answer 25

True

Question 26

True or false: someone with BED can develop AN-R and someone with AN-R is also just as likely to develop BED

Answer 26

False; there is no relationship between AN-R and BED

Question 27

Rank the EDs from most to least common prevalence

Answer 27

BED, BN, AN

Question 28

Gauvin, Steiger & Brodeur (2009) did a study of eating pathology among women in Montreal. What did they find

Answer 28

A higher percentage of women engaged in frequent compensatory behaviours, than frequent binge eating and regular purging behaviour BED had the highest prevalence among AN and BN but the highest prevalence was OSFED

Question 29

Rank the EDs from the earliest to the latest onset

Answer 29

AN, BN, BED

Question 30

Which ED has the highest mortality rate

Answer 30

AN

Question 31

Looking beyond the SWAG stereotype, who has high rates of EDs

Answer 31

Sexual and gender minorities Ethnic minorities - multiracial and indigenous individuals

Question 32

True or false: men make up at least 1/4 of the ED population

Answer 32

True

Question 33

True or false: a significant relationship has been found between high SES, EDs and food insecurity

Answer 33

False; there is no relationship between high SES and EDs but there is an association with food insecurity

Question 34

Men with EDs are more likely to:

Answer 34

Over-exercise Want to gain muscle/lose fat

Question 35

The drive for muscularity can lead to rigid behaviours, what are those behaviours

Answer 35

Restricting low-protein foods Prioritizing eating more meals over other tasks Eating beyond being full

Question 36

Why do men usually delay help-seeking with EDs

Answer 36

They are often more secretive due to stigma

Question 37

What are the differential diagnoses of EDs

Answer 37

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (no eating pathology) OCD Anxiety disorders - SAD and GAD Depression Psychosis-spectrum disorders

Question 38

What are the effects of malnutrition

Answer 38

Low mood Anhedonia Insomnia Preoccupation and rituals related to food

Question 39

What are common comorbidities with EDs in general

Answer 39

Mood disorders Substance use and abuse PDs Anxiety disorders

Question 40

Rank the EDs that are most to least comorbid with depression

Answer 40

BN, AN(lifetime), AN(concurrent)

Question 41

AN-R is most likely to be associated with which cluster of PDs

Answer 41

Cluster C

Question 42

AN-BP is most likely to be associated with with PD cluster

Answer 42

cluster B and C

Question 43

BN is most likely to be associated with which PD cluster

Answer 43

Cluster B

Question 44

Heritability of EDs is not static over development and emerges after ______ suggesting that _____ hormones may be playing a role

Answer 44

Puberty; ovarian

Question 45

True or false: there is an additive genetic component and increased familial risk for all EDs

Answer 45

True

Question 46

What is the GxE that is seen in AN & BN symptoms and the drive for thinness. What does this further suggest

Answer 46

The short allele of 5-HTTLPR interacts with parenting style and abuse history Suggests that adverse effects of genes on mental health only manifest under certain environmental conditions

Question 47

How are appearances ideals contributing to EDs as sociocultural factors

Answer 47

Standards of beauty are not universal Media messaging playing crucial roles Minorities fat-shamed more Thin-deal internalization for girls Focus on getting muscles for boys

Question 48

How can the family affect the development of EDs

Answer 48

The thin ideal is transmitted and internalized Attitudes and behaviours of family members are powerful influences on the development of disordered eating Greater influence than media exposure Fail to teach adaptive eating behaviour or coping skills to build self-esteem

Question 49

A study by Lydecker and colleagues looked at the associations of parents’ self, child and other “fat talk” with child eating behaviour and weight. What did they find

Answer 49

Parental fat talk that was directed toward the self was associated with parental pathology (eating, anxiety, depression) Parental fat talk that was directed toward the child was associated with child pathology (strongest predictor)

Question 50

How are EDs influenced by peers and among who was the effect most seen

Answer 50

Teasing someone about their weight regardless of their body type and implying that their weight is tied to character. Most seen with the overweight children Teased at home and by peers almost doubled rates of suicidal ideation compared to those who are not teased

Question 51

What did the Fiji Study by Becker et al. 2004 find

Answer 51

When there was no TV (no interaction with western media) there were no EDs and then purging behaviours began to rise as well as feeling “too fat”

Question 52

True or false: EDs can be conceptualized as a multi-hit/dual pathway model

Answer 52

True

Question 53

What is the ongoing/vicious cycle that is known as the Abstinence violation effect (the fuck it effect)

Answer 53

Starts diet and restrict food Feelings of hunger Eat “forbidden” foods Overeat because you already “broke” the diet Feeling guilty and fat The cycle starts again

Question 54

What are maintenance factors of EDs

Answer 54

Perfectionism: high standards, fear of failure, self-criticism Low self-esteem: omnipresent and unconditional, treatment obstacle Emotion regulation: negative mood intolerable, binge trigger Interpersonal difficulties: Isolation, negative interactions precede binges