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Psyc337 - Psychopsthology > AUD & SUD > Flashcards

AUD & SUD Flashcards

1
Q

What are the spectra, subfactors and syndromes/disorders of SUD & AUD according to HiTOP

A

Spectra: Disinhibited/Externalizing
Subfactors: substance abuse
Syndromes/disorders: substance-related disorders

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2
Q

Who is a historical figure associated with alcohol but what substances were referred to in his historical passage

A

Fredrick II of Prussia
Referred to coffee as being unacceptable but everyone being brought up on beer

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3
Q

As part of the historical context of alcohol, what does “going down the rapids of rum” signify

A

Alienation and loss of morality if you’re drinking in excess

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4
Q

How does one go down the rapids of rum

A

Starts with tasting, sipping, moderation, tippling and ends drunkenness

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5
Q

True or false: Whiskey was seen as a controversial topic of discussion in history

A

True

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6
Q

What are 2 key questions to ask in the historical context of alcohol

A

When/for who is it glamorized
when/for who is it vilinized

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7
Q

What is an ancient use of cocaine

A

Used as toothache drops, common for children to use them

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8
Q

How was AUD represented in the DSM-I

A

A symptoms of “sociopathic personality disorder”
Alcoholism and drug dependence
No classes of drugs or criteria specified

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9
Q

How was AUD represented in the DSM-II

A

Still as a personality disorder
Alcoholism and drug dependence included barbiturates, cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, opioids
Only some criteria were specified - cannot go a day without the substance and a clear need for the drug

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10
Q

How was AUD represented in the DSM-III

A

Substance use disorders separated from personality disorders
Each class of substance recognized as a distinct disorder
Set of diagnostic criteria was established
Distinction among abuse VS dependence

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11
Q

How was the disorder represented in the DSM-III-R, DSM-IV, DSM-IV-TR

A

Only some minor tweaks
The words “addiction” doesn’t appear anywhere

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12
Q

What is substance abuse

A

A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to distress or impairment
Need one or more of the following: failure to fulfill role obligations, physically hazardous situations, legal problems, social problems

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13
Q

What is substance dependence

A

A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to distress or impairment
Need 3 or more of the following: tolerance, withdrawal, more than intended, failure to cut down, time spent, other activities given up, physical or psychological problems

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14
Q

What is an implication of the shift in perspective specifically for abuse/dependence

A

Prior to the DSM-5 everyone who meets criteria for dependence must meet criteria for abuse which is not the case anymore

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15
Q

How is the disorder characterized in the DSM-5

A

No longer a distinction between abuse and dependence
Now a single disorder with sub-classifications

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16
Q

What is one difference between the DSM-4 and DSM-5 besides the abuse/dependence distinction

A

DSM-4 but not DSM-5: more than once gotten arrested, been help at a police station or had other problems because of your drinking - removed because not always psychologically significant
DSM-5 but not DSM-4: wanted a drink so badly you couldn’t think of anything else - craving is one of the most important symptoms and most difficult to recover from

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17
Q

What are the 5 main categories of substances

A

Depressants (alcohol), stimulants (cocaine), opiates (OxyContin), hallucinogens (LSD), other drugs of abuse like anabolic steroids

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18
Q

In the DSM-5 there was a change from Substance Disorders to …..

A

Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders

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19
Q

What disorder is now included in the addictive disorders

A

Gambling disorder

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20
Q

What disorder in the category for further study in the DSM because it is hypothesized to be similar in terms of clinical expression, neural origins, comorbidity, physiology and treatments

A

Internet gaming disorder

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21
Q

What is the most addictive substance and why

A

Nicotine because it produces high levels of cravings

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22
Q

What are some of the addictive substances after nicotine

A

Ice
Crack
Crystal meth - methamphetamines injected
Valium

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23
Q

What are the 4 general groupings of indicators to diagnose substance use disorders

A

Impairment of control
Social impairment
Risky use
Pharmacological dependence (withdrawal and tolerance)

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24
Q

What are the prevalence rates of any illicit drug for 8th graders, 10th graders, 12th graders, college students and 19-28 year olds

A

8th grade: 14%
10th grade: 27%
12th grade: 37%
College students: 35%
19-28 year olds: 34%

25
True or false: polysubstance use disorder is common and the effects of the substances are synergistic + multiplicative which leads to more problems
True
26
Which parts of the world have the largest consumption of alcohol
North America Russia Australia
27
____ of adults over 18 are current “regular drinkers”
50%
28
What is the lifetime prevalence of abuse and dependence
Abuse: 13.2% Dependence: 5%
29
In men, rates have traditionally been _____ times _____
2-5, higher
30
True or false: in west, now there is more of a difference between men and women
False: less of a difference
31
Rates of AUD are typically higher in _____ and _____ populations and tend to be lower in ______ and ______ populations although can vary by study
White, Native American/First Nations, Black, Hispanics
32
______ and ______ populations tend to have lower rates of AUD but rates of other substances similar or higher
East Asian, Jewish
33
About _____ of people also meet criteria for another disorder
35-40%
34
What is the mean and median age of onset of AUD
Median: 21 Mean: 23
35
True or false: though AUD is more common in men, women deteriorate more quickly since they are less likely to disclose their AUD and get proper treatment
True
36
What is the gateway theory
Alcohol and marijuana are gateways: they increase the likelihood of using other drugs Doesn’t rule out general tendency towards substance abuse - alcohol and marijuana are just easier to get A study was done on MZ and Dz twins discordant for marijuana at the start
37
Heavy drinking is associated with increased rates of …..
Vulnerability to injury Marital discord Intimate partner violence (as the perpetrators or the victims) Illness Neurocognitive impairments
38
What is the decrease in lifespan of heavy drinkers
12 years
39
True or false: there is an increased risk for suicide in heavy drinkers
True
40
Dr. George Vaillant did a study on 724 men all originally as healthy controls for other studies during the late 1930s and early 1940s. What did he find
25% eventually developed SUD By age 70, 50% had chronic course Between 25% and 30% had recovered 10% had controlled drinking If someone was abstinent for 5 years, they were unlikely to relapse
41
A study by Witkiewitz and colleagues on the course of AUD looking at functioning 3, 7, and 9 years after treatment. They looked at outcomes like hospitalizations, relationships, health, life satisfaction and other indices of functioning. What are the 4 groups that were identified in the study.
13.9% were low-functioning frequent heavy drinkers 15.8% were low-functioning infrequent heavy drinkers 19.4 were high-functioning heavy drinkers 50.9% were high-functioning infrequent heavy drinkers
42
What are some general vulnerability factors in AUD
Early drinking and family history of AUD
43
What are the vulnerability factors associated with a family history of AUD
Lifetime risk of AUD in relatives of AUD is 30% compared to 14% in controls Relatives of AUD also had a higher rates of abuse of multiple substances Higher rate of APD (8% vs 5%) Increased risk for almost all other psych disorders
44
What are the vulnerability factors that were found for AUD when adoption studies were done
Recruited individuals whose biological parents had AUD but adopted by a non-AUD non-relatives and looked at the frequency of AUD in these individuals in adulthood Results: - increased probability of AUD which suggests a biological predisposition and de-emphasizes the role of the environment
45
What are the results of the Jacob et al. (2003) JAMA study that looked at offspring of MZ and Dz twins with and without AUD
Group 1: offspring of all twins with a diagnosis of AUD = high genetic and environmental risk Group 2: offspring of MZ twins who do not meet the criteria for AUD but the co-twin does = high genetic risk, low environmental risk Group 3: offspring of Dz twins who do not meet criteria for AUD but the co-twin does = moderate genetic risk, low environmental risk Group 4: offspring of all twins who do not meet criteria for AUD = low genetic and environmental risk Group 1 is the only group that is more likely to meet criteria than G4, the others are not
46
True or false: tolerance is a vulnerability factor of AUD which can be inherited and affects the way that you metabolize alcohol
True
47
What was found in a study that looked at the balance and coordination after drinking in sons with a father who has AUD and those who do not
Balance and coordination after drinking is better in sons of father’s with AUD than in sons of controls
48
True or false: performance on lab tasks cannot predict the development of AUD
False
49
How can we explain AUD through positive reinforcement
Alcohol dependence develops through positive reinforcement: it feels good to be drinking Positive Affect Regulation Theory suggests that for many people, drinking increases positive affect and people feel more confident and happier People who are high on reward-seeking or sensation-seeking are more vulnerable to AUD
50
Catherine Fairburn did a study to look at why most of male bonding is done in a drinking context and why the effects of alcohol are more rewarding for males. What did she find
Men and women show positive effects of alcohol on mood Men experienced an increase in reciprocal smiling and the duration of their smiles increased which made contagion more likely and more interpersonally rewarding for men Women in the placebo group shared the same number of social smiles
51
How can we explain AUD through negative reinforcement
For many, it feels bad not to drink Negative Affect Regulation Theory: - self-medication theories of AUD - decreases anxiety, sadness, self-consciousness, forget your worries Some evidence that people with more trait negative affect are vulnerable to AUD
52
True or false: in many cases positive and negative reinforcement can lead to increased alcohol consumption
True
53
Which pathway in the brain is associated with the neurobiology of addiction and what parts compose it
The mesocorticolimbic pathway: prefrontal cortex, Nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area
54
What are 2 neurotransmitters associated with AUD
Serotonin and dopamine
55
Where is dopamine produced
VTA which projects to the hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and PFC
56
What did the study by Schultz et al. (1997) with macaque monkeys find?
Without a cue predicting a reward: increase in dopamine when they get the reward - reward is eliciting the increase in dopamine Reward predicted and reward occurred: increase of dopamine shifts away from the reward and occurs at the cue indicating were about to get a reward - associated with craving and how addiction might form Reward predicted but did not occur: dopamine increases at the cue and then there’s a decrease in dopamine firing - can still contribute to craving
57
Why is craving important to understand in AUD
It puts the person in a desire state (need) that one cannot ignore and this perpetuates the disorder - longer and more severe course
58
How do the drugs of addiction work on the dopaminergic system
Increase the amount of dopamine available and the time it is available in the synapse
59
How is deviance proneness related to SUD
SUD does not arise from attempts to regulate affective states or because of any particular vulnerability to drugs SUD is a part of a more general, deviant pattern that has its roots in childhood and is attributable to deficient socialization

Psyc337 - Psychopsthology (16 decks)

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