Edel 325 final exam Flashcards
What is music literacy
the ability to understand a wide variety of music as it occurs within a broad range of contexts.
It refers to one’s ability to make meaning out of musical experiences and to use music as a means of personal expression.
It means understanding the organization of music across time and place, the conventions and cultural characteristics of music, and its role in the lives of people.
It means knowing enough about music to function with a certain amount of musical independence - and knowing enough about music to value it in one’s lives
music literacy should be approached from what perspective
sound before symbol
what does sound before symbol mean
prior to the beginning stages of learning to read notation, children should first have an aural foundation
How to teach music through sound before symbol
Step 1 - Preparation: During this step, students engage in a wide variety of activities that include singing, listening, moving, and responding to music without referring to the musical label or symbol. This is similar to the aural foundation described in the development of language literacy.
Step 2 – Presentation: During this step, students learn the labels (names and notational symbols) that have been prepared during Step 1.
Step 3 – Practice: During this step, students practice using the new names or notational symbols with known songs at first and then with new or unknown songs.
Step 4 – Create: During this step, students compose and improvise using the new notational labels or symbols.
Sound before symbol: Preparation
Step 1: During this step, students engage in a wide variety of activities that include singing, listening, moving, and responding to music without referring to the musical label or symbol. This is similar to the aural foundation described in the development of language literacy.
Sound before symbol: Presentation
Step 2: During this step, students learn the labels (names and notational symbols) that have been prepared during Step 1.
Sound before symbol: Practice
Step 3: During this step, students practice using the new names or notational symbols with known songs at first and then with new or unknown songs.
Sound before symbol: create
During this step, students compose and improvise using the new notational labels or symbols.
Sequence for introducing pitch: Grade 1
soh-mi lah
Sequence for introducing pitch: Grade 2
doh-re
Sequence for introducing pitch: Grade 3
soh-lah below doh
Sequence for introducing pitch: Grade 4
high doh
Sequence for introducing pitch: Grade 5
fa ti
Sequence for introducing pitch: Grade 6
fi(raised fa), si (raised soh)
What symbols are introduced in grade 1
quarter note, eighth note, quarter rest, eighth rest
what symbols are introduced in grade 2
half note, dotted half note, half rest
what symbols are introduced in grade 4
whole note, whole rest, syn-co-pa
what symbols are introduced in grade 5
dotted quarter note, tam-ti, dotted -eighth-sixteenth
what symbols are introduced in grade 3
sixteenth notes, combination notes (ti tika, or tika ti)
what symbols are introduced in grade 6
triplet note
what is the rhythmic symbol for quarter note
tah
what is the rhythmic symbol for a eighth note
ti-ti
what is the rhythmic symbol for a quarter rest
sh
what is the rhythmic symbol for a half note
ta-ah
what is the rhythmic symbol for a dotted half note
ta-ah-ah
what is the rhythmic symbol for a whole note
ta-ah-ah-ah
what is the rhythmic symbol for a sixteenth note
ti-ka-ti-ka
what is the rhythmic symbol for a dotted -eighth-sixteenth
tim-ka
what symbols names are the same as their name
trip-o-let
syn-co-pa
tam-ti
what is teaching a song by rote
Teaching a song aurally without referring to musical notation
what is teaching a song by note
Teaching a song by referring to some or all of the musical notation
what tactic is commonly used to teach elementary students songs
rote
Commonly used in the elementary grades when children are just beginning to develop the ability to read music notation. In the later elementary grades teachers may use rote teaching in combination with note reading depending upon the music reading skills of the students.
two approaches for teaching rote
Whole Song Approach: Children echo back the whole song. This would typically be used when teaching a very short song that can be remembered by the children.
Phrase-by-Phrase Approach: Children echo back the song one phrase at a time
How to teach a song by rote: suggestions
- concrete motivator
-sing the whole song and children listen for an aspect
-phrase by phrase better for longer songs - once teacher sings, children speak each line
- echo singing
- sing whole song together
- add movements,actions,etc
how to teach a song by note
- This approach supports the children’s ability to independently perform a song.
- The children will find it easier to read the rhythmic notation by sight first. They may perform the rhythmic passages by clapping and saying the rhythmic syllables (ta, ti-ti etc.)
- Teachers can then guide the children to read the melodic passages for which they are ready. This can be done by using a neutral syllable or by using tonic sol-fa syllables (doh, re, mi etc.), and using gestures (e.g. hand signs)
- Once the rhythm and the melody have been practiced in this way the children should have the opportunity to sing the entire song.
tempo: adagio
a slow tempo
tempo: andante
a slow walking tempo
tempo: allegro
brisk and lovely tempo
tempo: allegretto
a cheerful, quick tempo
tempo: moderato
moderate tempo
tempo: vivave
vivacious and fast tempo
tempo: presto
a very quick tempo
tempo: accelerando
gradually getting faster
tempo: ritardando
gradual slowing of the tempo
dynamics: pianissimo(pp)
very softly
dynamics: piano (p)
softly
dynamics: mezzo piano (mp)
moderately softly
dynamics: mezzo forte (mf)
moderately loudly
dynamics: forte (f)
loudly
dynamics: fortissimo (ff)
very loudly
dynamics: sforzando (sfz)
a sudden forte on the note or chord indicated
dynamics: crescendo (cresc.)
gradually become louder
dynamics: decrescendo (decres.)
gradually become softer
dynamics: diminuendo(dim)
gradually become softer
why teach the recorder to upper elementary students
- Authentic musical instrument – not a toy
- Inexpensive, easy to care for, portable
- Not difficult to learn to play – many songs available for practice on the first 3 notes: BAG
- Can be used to play a descant or another second part
- Excellent way to teach music reading (absolute pitch)
- Provides opportunities for cooperation
- For some children this may be the only instrumental ensemble experience that they have during their school experience
- Reinforces skills which are also needed in singing e.g. correct posture, breath control, attention to phrasing, harmony, form, expression, and rhythm.
when is a recorder introduced and why
Grade 4
Physical Development: hand size, finger dexterity, & breathing
Social/Emotional Development: Children can take on the responsibility to practice and bring recorder back and forth between school & home.
Musical Development: Children have had experiences reading pitch with tonic solfa and are now ready to transfer their understanding to absolute pitch. The recorder can provide this experience in a meaningful way.
What to consider when selecting children literature
- Developmental appropriateness
- Curriculum outcomes
- Conceptual sequencing
- Quality of the book
- Interests of the children
musical considerations for selecting literature
- Is there a repeating phrase or refrain?
- Can ostinato patterns be created from the text?
- Can rhythm be added?
- Can a melody be added?
- Can sounds be added for various characters and words?
- Can instruments or a song be added while reading the book?
- Are there opportunities to extend learning?
- How can it be aligned with the Program of Studies for Elementary Music?
What skills can literature support
singing
moving
listening
playing instruments
creating
reading and writing
how can literature support singing
- Understanding and demonstrating the difference between singing and speaking
- Singing alone and with others while looking at a picture book
- Singing fragments of songs
- Developing the ability to match pitch
- Singing pentatonic patterns and other melodic sequences
what are examples of literature to teach singing for k-3
Down by the Bay
Wheels on the Bus
Jingle Bells
what are examples of literature to teach singing for 4-6
One Love
The Cat Came Back
how can literature support movement
- Initiating movement
- Moving to beat and/or rhythm
- Responding to directions
- Creating movements
- Preparing instrumental experiences
what are examples of literature to teach movement
Chick a Chick a Boom Boom
Shake My Sillies Out
what are examples of literature to teach listening
- Peter and the Wolf
- Zin, Zin, Zin! A Violin
what are examples of literature to teach playing instruments
The Wheels on the Bus
Big Fat Hen
what are examples of literature to teach creating
Down by the Bay
what are examples of literature to teach reading and writing
Brown Bear, Brown Bear
how can literature support listening
- Using a book as a focal point when listening to a piece of music
- Following a story told by music
- Demonstrating attentive listening
- Recognizing and appreciating music of composers of a variety of genres and time periods
- Distinguishing among the sounds of instruments of the orchestra and those of various cultures and genres
how can literature support playing instruments
- Accompanying songs, stories, and poems with instruments
- Making decisions regarding instrument choices for accompaniments
- Exploring timbres of various instruments
how can literature support creating
- Using instruments to create sounds of up-down, slow-fast, short-long, loud-soft
- Creating melodic and/or percussion accompaniments
- Creating rhythmic or melodic ostinato patterns
- Adding sounds to poems and/or songs
- Making up new words to songs
how can literature support reading and writing
- Reading and writing rhythm patterns associated with word patterns in literature that are at their level of rhythmic understanding
- Reading pentatonic melodies to repeated word patterns
names of the orff instuments
- Xylophones (Bass, Alto, Soprano): Inspired by the African cradle xylophone
- Metallophones (Bass, Alto, Soprano): Inspired by the Indonesian gamelan
- Glockenspiels (Alto & Soprano): Inspired by the orchestra bells
what scale do orff instruments use and why
Pentatonic Scale
* No dissonance in the pentatonic scale
* Absence of half steps allows all tones to blend well together and therefore children can improvise very early in the experience
* The bordun accompaniment is always possible
* Many melodies can be accompanied by children
* C, G, & F pentatonic are commonly used with elementary school children