economy and society in depth Flashcards
Kolkhoz
Sovkhoz
corporate body ran by a committee that rented land from the state and delivered a fixed quote from the harvest- collective
sovkhoz- State owned farms- workers employed to work the land in the same manner as factory workers
How many collective farms by ____?
what had the peasants resulted to as a result of the revolution?
how many MTS for each collective farm? what did it do?
1933- 250,000 collective farms
as the role of the mir strengthened more peasants reverted to a conservative, agriculturally insufficient institution
one MTS for every 30 collective farms
What did Stalin call for against the Kulaks?
What did Dekulakisation take place within the context of? what did this begin with?
By 1930 how many people displaced by collectivisation?
by 1930 how many people shot during collectivisation?
‘a resolute offensive against the Kulaks’
Dekulakisation took place within the context of the early show trials which began with the prosecution of ‘bourgeois specialists’ in 1928
1930- 2.6 million displaced by collectivisation
including(1.8 million deported to other areas of Soviet Union, 400,000 to areas in their own province, 390,000 to newly made prison camps)
1930- 21,000 people shot
How many peasant uprisings 1930?
March 1930- there was a concerted campaign to what?
what was the reaction to this?
what did Stalin admit to Churchill?
130,000 peasant uprisings 1930
March 1930 there was a concerted campaign to socialise all livestock and close peasant markets.
Peasant reaction: 25-30% all cows, pigs and sheep killed
17 million horses killed
that his confrontation with the peasantry was a greater challenge than war with Nazi Germany
How did Stalin respond to criticisms of the ‘excess’?
March to June 1930 % of collectives
grain harvest 1930-29
accused local officials in Pravda of being ‘dizzy with success’
55%-23%
How did Stalin respond to criticisms of the ‘excess’?
March to June 1930 % of collectives
grain harvest 1929-30
1935 % of households collectivised
accused local officials in Pravda of being ‘dizzy with success’
55%-23%
71-83 million tonnes
83%
famine:date
what were put in place to prevent disaster?
1932-33
collective farm market- peasants were allowed to sell their excess grain after they had given their quota. also reductions in quotas were made in certain areas
what happened? how did central government react?
where was most effected?
how many died?
who argued that collectivisation was __ ____ _ ___ __ _________ _________ ________.
poor harvest- much of the peasantry failed to meet their quota
government reacted by enforcing quotas and taking grain instead of reducing the quotas
Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Volga region
5-8 million
Robert Conquest suggested that collectivisation was in part a war on remaining nationalist elements, particularly in the Ukraine.
in what way was collectivisation a success?
if Stalins aims were political and social and to consolidate the Communist regiimes control over rural society then
in what way was collectivisation a success?
- percentage of harvest requisitioned 1928-1940?
- less reliance on..
Successful in: consolidating the communist regime’s control over the peasantry
- ending the threat of peasant revolt and the need for a compromise with the peasantry
- 10% increase in industrial production?
- 14%-39%
- less reliance on imported agricultural products allowed for greater investment in foreign machinery
- failure of agriculture drove more peasants into towns and factories in search of a better life
- agriculture felt all negative effects while industry was unharmed.
how was collectivisation a failure?
famine 1932-33
10% increase in agricultural production
dekulakisation removed the most productive peasants
When was Gosplan established?
what was it?
how was Gosplan strengthened in 1927?
Who suggested that “the mid 1920’s were a time of genuinely innovative economic thinking in the Soviet Union?”
who was involved in developing soviet economic policy?
1921
role was to work out and coordinate a single general state economic plan
-the State commissions of the different Soviet republics were brought under its authority
-Alec Nove
-mensheviks and other nonparty economists
what two lines of thought competed with eachother?
which one was more popular and why?
geneticists vs teleologists
geneticists- focused on methods required to achive industrialisation
teleologists- focused on setting targets for outcomes
teleological approach found greater favour- ambitious targets could be set and raised furtheer and could be achieved by idealistic energy and graft. To object to target setting on the grounds of realism became a dangerous counter revolutionary act.
what was in the initial variant of the five year plan? what was the optimal variant? what purpose did this have? what was this made clear in? 1928 Coal production. 1932 initial Goal 1932 Optimal Goal 1932 Actual production
initial= highly optimistic targets for increased investment and production
optimal=even further targets.
political purpose but also served as a crude economic incentive- failure to strive towards them was proof of disloyalty
the early show trials starting with Shakhty in 1928.
35.4mt
68
75
64
First 5 year Plan: What did the Politburo decide in 1929
what was there a clear incentive for?
Examples of Major industrial projects:
how many completed new industrial projects?
- it was to be completed one year early +coal production to be tripled instead of doubled
- for officials to fabricate results which fed the regime with data that encouraged them to push for more
Centres for iron and steel-Sverdlovsk Tractor factories in north east of ukraine- later the base for arms production expanded mining in Donbass region Magnitogorsk in the Urals 150
