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Geography > Economic Development (Yr 11) > Flashcards

Economic Development (Yr 11) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four types of industry?

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

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2
Q

What’s the primary sector?

A

Industry involving collecting and obtaining raw materials e.g. Mining, farming, fishing, forestry etc.

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2
Q

What’s the secondary sector?

A

Industry involving the manufacturing of the raw materials e.g. Making textiles, furniture, cars etc.

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3
Q

What’s the tertiary sector?

A

Industry which provides a service e.g. Financial services, nursing, retail, transport, police force etc.

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4
Q

What’s the quaternary sector?

A

Industry with high technology including lots of skill, research and development e.g. With electronics and I.T.

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5
Q

How does the employment (structure) of a country change over time?

A

The primary sector dramatically decreases.

The secondary sector increases (during industrialisation) then decreases.

The tertiary sector increases before gradually becoming more constant.

The quaternary sector only emerges within the later stages of industrialisation and slowly increases.

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6
Q

What factors influence the location of primary industries?

A

Environmental:
Lots of raw materials
Suitable climate
Good quality soil

Economic:
Cheap land
Good transport links

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7
Q

What factors influence the location of secondary industries?

A 
Environmental:
Close to raw materials
Plenty of flat land
Local water supply
Stable, reliable energy source
Economic:
Suitable local market
Government grants
Lots of workers
Good transport links 
Money to help set up factories
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8
Q

What factors influence the location of tertiary industries?

A

Environmental:
Green open spaces
Nice environment which attracts workers

Economic:
Suitable local market
Good transport routes
Skilled and educated workers

Social:
Enough locals to support the service

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9
Q

What factors influence the location of quaternary industries?

A

Environmental:
Green open spaces

Economic:
Near similar businesses
Skilled and educated workers

Social:
Lots of nice quality housing

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10
Q

Why does the location of primary industries change over time?

A

Environmental:
Raw materials become exhausted
Climate change means some crops can be grown in other areas

Economic:
Cheaper locations

Social:
Improved transport links so more remote areas
Government policies change

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11
Q

Why does the location of secondary industries change over time?

A

Environmental:
New energy sources

Economic:
Changing capital/money investment patterns encourage industry into new areas

Social:
Government policies change
Improved transport facilities

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12
Q

Why does the location of tertiary industries change over time?

A

Environmental:
Workers want nice working environment so moves to attract workers
Extreme environments popular for tourists as travel is cheaper and easier

Economic:
Changing capital investment patterns encouraging industry in new areas

Social:
Improved transport means retailers don’t have to be located in city centres
Shopping patterns changed e.g. Many shop online

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13
Q

Why does the location of quaternary industries change over time?

A

Environmental:
Workers want a nice environment so industry moves to attract then
Some scientific research industries have environmental needs e.g. GM crop research needs land

Economic:
Changing capital investment

Social:
Labour force moves as training and housing changes e.g. industries move near universities that have good courses

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14
Q

How does farming impact the environment?

A

Monoculture (growing one type of crop) reduces biodiversity as there are fewer habitats.

Increasing the area of farmland may destroy destroy habitats and cause soil erosion.

Herbicides can kill wildflowers, pesticides can kill insects and fertilisers can pollute rivers killing fish.

Making herbicides uses fossil fuels which adds to global warming.

Cows produce methane which adds to global warming.

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15
Q

How do secondary industries cause pollution?

A

Factories can cause land, air and water pollution e.g. Dyes from textile factories polluting rivers.

Habitats are destroyed if factories are built in the countryside.

Factories use high amounts of energy

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16
Q

How does the tertiary and quaternary sector cause pollution?

A

Use a lot of energy so a lot of fossil fuels are burned.

Resources impact when manufactured e.g. Trees cut down to make paper

Large out of town shopping malls and retail parks generate huge volumes of traffic.

Supermarkets stocking internationally (transportation) emits harmful gases and contribute to the greenhouse effect.

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17
Q

How can environmental (economic) development be made sustainable?

A

Farming - use less fertilisers, pesticides etc.

Mining - laws to help reduce water pollution and restoration of habitats

Fishing - limits on fish caught

Forestry - plant a tree for every tree cut down

Factories - building on brownfield sites

Polluting activities can relocate
Money is spent on increasing research and development to reduce pollution

18
Q

What’s climate change?

A

Any change in the weather of an area over a long period of time.

Global warming is the increase in global temperature and is a form of climate change.

19
Q

How do greenhouse gases cause global warming?

A

The temperature of the Earth is a balance between the heat it gets from the sun and heat lost to space.

Gases in the atmosphere act as an insulating and trap outgoing heat.

These gases are called greenhouse gases e.g. Carbon dioxide and methane

Human activity e.g. Forestry, farming and manufacturing increases these gases

There’s scientific consensus the increase in gases has caused global warming

20
Q

What are the economic impacts of global warming?

A

(Higher latitudes) Warmer weather means some farmers can make more money as some crop yields will be increased so new crops can be planted.

(Lower latitudes) Farmers’ income may decrease as it’s too hot and dry for farming.

More money spent on predicting extreme weather events e.g. Floods and tropical storms. This means more money is spent reducing and repairing their impacts.

Industries helping to reduce the impacts become bigger and make more money.

21
Q

What are the environmental impacts of global warming?

A

Sea levels rise as ice on land melts, causing oceans to expand. This means habitats are lost as low lying coastal areas are submerged.

Rising temperature and decreased rainfall means areas turn into deserts.

Distribution of species may change due to climate change as they’re not adapted to their new surroundings.

22
Q

What are the social impacts of global warming?

A

Poor crop yield and little food may lead to malnutrition, ill health, death and starvation.

More people die because of extreme weather events.

Hotter weather makes it easier for infectious diseases to spread.

Hot and dry areas become inhospitable while others are flooded by the rising sea levels which may lead to other areas becoming over crowded.

23
Q

What are the political impacts of global warming?

A

Water is scarce in some areas so competition over water may lead to wars.

May cause people to move meaning countries must cope with increased immigration and emigration.

Governments are under pressure to slow climate change.

24
Q

What was the Kyoto protocol?

A

From 1997, countries agreed to monitor and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by signing an international agreement called the Kyoto protocol.

The aim was to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions.
Each country had a target e.g. UK agreed to reduce emissions by 12.5% by 2012.

Countries under their emission targets got carbon credits which they could sell to countries which didn’t meet their target.
They also earn by helping poorer countries reduce their emissions.

Not all countries agreed e.g. USA and they had the highest emissions in the world.

25
Q

What are national responses to climate change?

A

Transport:
Improve and encourage public transport

Taxation:
Increase tax on cars with high emissions and encourage cars with low emissions

26
Q

What are local responses to climate change?

A

Congestion charging: charge people for driving cars in cities

Recycling: recycle more waste by building recycling plats so less energy is used on making new materials.

Conserving energy: give money and advice to make homes energy efficient. Individuals can also conserve energy e.g. By switching lights off

27
Q

How do secondary, tertiary and quaternary industries affect the environment?

A

Secondary: causes pollution from factories

Tertiary and quaternary: use a lot of energy

28
Q

How does mining impact the environment?

A

Destroys large areas of land so there are fewer habitats and food sources, reducing biodiversity

Uses lots of water which may deplete water sources

Some kinds of mining may result in water pollution

29
Q

How does fishing impact the environment?

A

Overfishing depletes resources and upsets the food chain

Boats can leak oil and diesel which kills aquatic animals

30
Q

How does forestry impact the environment?

A

Fewer trees means fewer habitats and food sources for animals and birds, reducing biodiversity

Soil erosion becomes more common as there are less trees to hold the soil together

Less CO2 is removed so more is in the atmosphere which contributes to global warming

Less water is removed from soil and evaporated into the atmosphere so fewer clouds form and rainfall in the area is reduced, reducing plant growth

31
Q

What is economic activity?

A

The production and distribution of goods and services.

32
Q

What is Foreign Direct Assistance?

A

Where one company contracts out some of its work to another one

33
Q

What is subsistence farming?

A

Farming that produces enough food to feed the family - small scale

The most basic form of agriculture where the produce is consumed entirely or mainly by the family who work the land or tend the livestock.
If a small surplus is produced it is sold or traded.

34
Q

What’s an employment structure?

A

The division of labour within a country into primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary

35
Q

What’s palm oil?

A

A popular biofuel grown in the tropics. By 2020 Europe wants 10% of its fuel to be from this product.

36
Q

What is formal economy?

A

Economy within the tax system which is controlled by the government and large companies. These are higher paid and offer job security.

37
Q

What’s informal economy?

A

Low paid jobs outside the tax system

It provides money for people who have no choice and can be spent on stores but there’s no security and little income.

38
Q

What’s the Clark Fisher model?

A

A model showing the average percentage change of employment in a country based on the different sectors.

It ignores international context and some LEDCs have high tertiary sectors due to tourism.

39
Q

What’s outsourcing?

A

Where a company contracts out some of its work to another company or country.
This usually happens because it can save money.
However it can also happen if a company lacks certain skills.

40
Q

What’s industrial inertia?

A

The stage at which an industry prefers to run in its former location although the main attractive factors are gone e.g. Raw materials have depleted or there’s an energy crisis.

41
Q

What are the impacts of tourism?

A

Landscapes ruined and at risk of over development

Noise, air and visual pollution

More traffic

Local infrastructure, water supplies and sewage systems may not be able to cope and there can be issues with removing waste

Animals endangered by boats and people who come too close

Removing wildlife e.g. Coral or shells may damage ecosystems

Litter on the beach is unsightly and can harm wildlife

42
Q

What are the impacts of tourism on people?

A

Benefits:

  • Money is spent on tourist destinations
  • Companies invest millions on developments to benefit the areas’ roads, water supply, sewage etc.
  • Results in an increase in jobs and more businesses can open. Farmers can benefit from selling produce to hotels

Drawbacks:

  • Not all of the money goes to the area - most goes abroad e.g. To the airlines
  • Jobs may be seasonal and many tourism jobs are for the unskilled and are poorly paid

Geography (11 decks)

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