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Geography > Development and Globalisation (Yr 10) > Flashcards

Development and Globalisation (Yr 10) Flashcards

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0
Q

What’s an LEDC and MEDC?

A

Less economically developed country - poorer and more quickly developing country.

More economically developed country - rich and quite advanced.

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1
Q

What does development mean?

A

Using resources and the application of available technology to improve the standard of living of a country or region.

Factors which can be improved include: education, death rates, infrastructure, economy, healthcare, GDP, doctors per km2 etc.

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2
Q

What is quality of life?

A

Quality of life is an individual’s personal satisfaction (or de-satisfaction) with the conditions under where they live.
The general well being of a person or society which is defined in terms of health and happiness, rather than their wealth.
(Economic, physical, social and psychological factors)

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3
Q

What’s wealth?

A

Wealth means rich and to have a high number/abundance of money, possessions and/or property.

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4
Q

What is the economic core?

A

The economic core is the economic centre of the country or region.
Where most of the economic activity takes place.

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5
Q

What is periphery?

A

Periphery is the outskirts of an area, often where the poor might live.

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6
Q

What’s an NGO?

A

Non governmental organisation e.g. Charities who collect money from individuals and groups and give the money/aid to the people.

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7
Q

Case study:

Where’s Mali?

A

Mali is a landlocked country in west Africa with harsh, deteriorating environments and dropping rainfall levels.

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8
Q

Case study:

What issues was Mali facing?

A

Privatised water industries who didn’t provide water to the poorest areas/people.
Desertification.
Poor general health and loss of life due to diarrhoeal diseases

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9
Q

Case study:

What are the main features of water aid?

A

Providing:
Clean water
Sanitation
Hygiene education

Training locals to manage and maintain water network systems.

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10
Q

Case study:
How’s water aid made sustainable?
Any disadvantages?

A 
Allows Mali to become more self sufficient. 
Involves communities
- they take pride 
-teaches them skills
Appropriate technology
Communities fund equipment

:( - relies on donations

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11
Q

Care study:

How does water aid in Mali help

A

Safe water sanitation and hygiene education all lower the chance of diseases spreading and maximise health benefits.
Communities would be stronger so people can work and go to school.

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12
Q

Why are healthy communities likely to improve their standard of living (based on money)?

A

Less money spent on medicines
Less time wasted collecting water
Communities spending money on themselves and investing in projects which can help the community (and economy) grow.
More people working and going to school.

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13
Q

What is life expectancy?

A

The average period of time which a person is expected to live.

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14
Q

What’s standard of living?

A

The wealth and material comfort available to a person or community.

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15
Q

What’s GDP?

A

-per capita

Gross domestic product is the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year.

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16
Q

What’s PPP?

A

Purchasing power parity - GDP data which takes account of differences in the cost of living between countries.

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17
Q

What’s HDI?

A

Human development index - a measure of development based on life expectancy, educational attainment and GDP per capita.

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18
Q

How’s development measured?

A

Economically (GDP, types of employment etc.)

Social (educational attainment, access to health care, life expectancy, literacy rates etc.)

Technological (computers per 1000, access to internet etc.)

Human Development Index - calculated using life expectancy, literacy rate, education level and income per head

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19
Q

Why is the a development gap?

LDC - LEDC - NIC- MEDC

A

Physical factors:
Landlocked countries - harder to trade
Natural resources - some countries may benefit e.g. Oil
Natural hazards - slow development
Climate - affects food supply and imports and exports.

Political/economic factors: Stable democratic government - more equal than dictatorship and fair.  Debt - countries may owe others Investment in education - future can benefit Open markets - speed up development

Population/social factors:  Small island nation - can't expand, limited resources.
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20
Q

What are the types of aid?

4

A

Official aid - the amount given and who to depends on the individual country.

Voluntary aid - NGOs or charities e.g. Oxfam who collect money and give it to the people who need it.

Bilateral aid - it’s given directly from one country to another. Often is tied to commercial deals.

Multilateral aid - provided by many countries and organised by an international body e.g. UN.

(Short term - cope with unexpected disasters, Long term - improving the quality of life of a country.)

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21
Q

Advantages of aid

4

A

By teaching people, they learn skills which can be spread and passed down so can become more independent and know what to do rather than ask for aid.

Provides investment in food and water which can then be made available to everyone.

New machinery bought can set up industries and boost the economy.

Infrastructure projects can increase the quality of life and people can travel, get jobs further from their house, have electricity etc.

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22
Q

Disadvantages of aid

5

A

It may not reach the poorest people and, when it does, the benefits are short lived.

Areas can become dependent on aid.

It’s often used on capital-intensive projects so conditions for poorer people can get worse.

Foreign aid is often tied to the purchase of goods or services from the donor country and use jointly agreed projects e.g. Being forced to buy arms and military equipment.

Countries can end up in more debt than they began.

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23
Q

What’s interdependence?

A

Countries, or groups of people, relying on each other.

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24
Q

What are grassroots organisations

A

Organisations run by normal people e.g. Charities (e.g. Roots/bottom of society) who make sure money goes to people who need it rather than the government.

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25
Q

What makes aid sustainable?

A

Aid which allows the country to become more self sufficient and not rely on the country providing aid.

Communities working on projects e.g. Building wells because:

  • it teaches them skills they can use in the future so the won’t rely on aid and can maintain it themselves.
  • by making something themselves, they take more pride in what they have made and it’s likely that they’ll care for it more.

Appropriate technology which they know how to use and isn’t too expensive.

Communities plan to fund the equipment.

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26
Q

What’s a TNC and MNC

A

Transnational corporations - companies that operate in 2 different countries.

Multinational corporations - companies that produce goods or services in a large number of countries.

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27
Q

What globalisation?

A

The increasing inter-connectedness and interdependence of the world economically, culturally and politically.

28
Q

What’s an NIDL?

A

New international division of labour - this divides production into different skills and tasks that are spread across regions and countries rather than within a single country.

29
Q

What are the aspects of globalisation?

A

Environmental - economic activity in a country can affect another’s environment.

Demographic - international migration has increased worldwide.

Political - MNCs often influence politics in LEDCs and there’s been a growth in terrorism.

Linguistic - English has become the working language of the global village.

Social - western culture has diffused worldwide. Advertising. Branded items.

Urban - hierarchy of global cities emerged e.g. London, New York .

Economic - expansion of world trade.

30
Q

Advantages of MNC employment and development:

A

Provide investment and creates jobs for locals.

Raises standard of living and income among employees.

Increases local spending so other businesses benefit.

Helps national economy by boosting exports.

Taxes paid by the MNC can go towards school, health, infrastructure funding.

31
Q

Disadvantages of MNC employment and development:

A

Exploitation of the work force, especially in LEDCs with low wages and poor conditions.

Environmental pollution (which may be tolerated as the government wants to attract investment.)

Little security - plants may be closed closed at short notice and transferred to other, cheaper locations.

May introduce economic equalities between those who work in the new factories and those who work in the traditional economy.

32
Q

What’s cumulative causation?

A

A region that has natural advantages attracts a leading industry. This may encourage their suppliers to move to the area, providing more jobs and income.

33
Q

What’s the multiplier effect?

A

Industry moves into an area, creates employment and also increases wealth of the population who can then spend on other things, attracting more business.

34
Q

What are economies of scale?

A

An increase in sale at which a business operates will lead to a reduction in the average production costs (buying in bulk).

35
Q

About the TNC case study - organisation

Nike - Vietnam

A

Nuke is run by USA although there are no factories in USA.
They operate elsewhere to access new markets, resources and lower transportation and production costs.
They pre the world leading supplies for sporting apparel.
Sell online and in other shops - don’t pay as much for employees

36
Q

About the TNC case study - data

Nike - Vietnam

A

+75% of the workforce is based within Asia.

In 2012 their global revenue was $24.13 billion.

Info on their wages is hard to find.

650,000 workers in 700+ factories

37
Q

About the TNC case study - positive

Nike - Vietnam

A

Provides jobs.

Pays more than most companies.

Improves skill base of the factory locals.

Contribution to local tax.

Helps attract other MNCs to the area (setting off cumulative causation).

Nike’s exports are a good contribution to the balance of payments.

Nike pays less labour costs and can make more profit.

Customers get what they want.

38
Q

About the TNC case study - negative

Nike - Vietnam

A

Even though they pay more than other companies, it still isn’t much.

May be exploiting the workers as, since they are allowing the production by other countries and stepping away from the blame of poor treatment.

It can lead to us undermining the country’s national culture.

MNCs may have a political influence.

It’s unreliable as it may more to a cheaper location.

Criticised of poor treatment.

39
Q

About the TNC case study - emotions

Nike - Vietnam

A

There’s been quite a few strikes over better pay and improved conditions.

(Different places) accused of sexual assault, child labour, lack of care, corporal punishment and low wages.

LEDC governments would be happy (and possibly hope for cumulative causation)

Consumers don’t care.

40
Q

About the TNC case study - future and creativity

Nike - Vietnam

A

To improve, nike could ensure suitable pay, conditions and treatments.

They’re promoting sustainability and reducing waste, helping the climate, using less water and more efficient materials and can continue to expand.

Making large profits and revenue.

41
Q

What’s birth rate?

A

The number of births per thousand of population per year.

42
Q

What’s infant mortality rate?

A

The number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births.

43
Q

What’s an NIC?

A

A newly industrialised country

They are rapidly getting richer as their economy is moving from being based on primary industry to secondary industry

44
Q

What are the development indicators?

A

Economic - can be inaccurate for countries where trade is informal and not taxed

Social - difficult to measure and doesn’t measure human rights

Measures used alone - they are averages and don’t show elite groups or variations

45
Q

What are the environmental factors which affect the development of a country?

A

Poor climate - can’t grow much. Reducing food produced.
Can lead to malnutrition and a low quality of life.
Less crops to sell so less money to spend on goods, reducing quality of life.
Less money from taxes so less to spend on development.

Poor farm land - if land is steep or has poor soil, little food is produced.

Limited water supplies - some countries don’t have a lot of water making it harder to produce food.

Lots of hazards - lots of money spent on rebuilding. Reduced quality of life and reduces money spent on development projects.

Few raw materials - make less money so have less money to spend on development. Some countries have lots of materials but aren’t developed as they don’t have money to develop the infrastructure to exploit them.

46
Q

What are the political factors which affect the development of a country?

A

Unstable government - won’t invest in healthcare, education etc.

Corrupt governments - some get richer while others remain poor.

War - country loses money, equipment is expensive and buildings are damaged. Fewer work and quality of life is reduced.

47
Q

What are the economic factors which affect the development of a country?

A

Trade links - if a country has poor trade links, it trades with few countries so won’t make a lot of money meaning less is spent on development.

Debt - poor countries can borrow money from other countries which needs to be paid back. Any money which the country makes is used to pay back the money which could result in debt.

Economy based on primary products - these tend to be LEDCs. They don’t make much profit and price can also fall below the cost of production. Little money is made.

48
Q

What are the social factors which affect the development of a country?

A

Drinking water - a country is more developed if it has clean drinking water. Dirty water increases chance of illness which reduces a quality of life.
Ill people can’t work so no money goes to the economy and they cost money to treat.

Women in society - more developed if men and women are equal. Women are educated and more likely to work. Those educated have a better quality of life and more money to spend on development.

Child education - more developed if more people go to school. Better education so they have a better job which improves quality of life and income.

49
Q

What is short term aid?

A

Money and resources which help countries cope during emergencies.
This has an immediate impact which helps more people survive.

However:
The stage of development of the country remains unchanged.
Slow responses may mean aid doesn’t get where needed.
Theft and transport problems may mean aid doesn’t reach those who need it.

50
Q

What is long term aid?

A

Money and resources which help a country to develop.
E.g. Building dams and walls to improve clean water and construct school to improve education.

Over time, the recipient country becomes less reliant on foreign aid.

BUT it may take a while for the country to benefit.

51
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The process of all the world’s systems and cultures becoming more inter grated - the whole world coming together like a single community.

This occurs due to natural trade (the production and sale of goods) international investment and improvements in communications.

52
Q

How have improvements in ICT (information and communication technology) increased globalisation?

A

Improvements in ICT include emails, internet, mobile phones and phone lines which helps carry more information faster.

This makes it quicker, easier and more efficient for businesses all around the world therefore a company can have its headquarters in one country and communicate to branches in other countries.

53
Q

How have improvements in transport increased globalisation?

A

Improvements include more airports, high speed trains and larger ships.

This makes it quicker and easier for people around the world to communicate face to face.
It’s also easier for companies to get supplies from all over the world and is easier to distribute their products.

54
Q

How do MNCs increase globalisation?

A

They’re usually very rich which employ lots of people and have a large output (make lots of products e.g. Ford made 5 mil cars sold in 90 countries with 200,000 workers.

They increase globalisation by linking countries together through the production and sale of good.
They also bring culture from their country of origin e.g. McDonald’s brings western style

55
Q

How do MNCs affect economic development?

A
  • they create jobs which increases wealth of the area (due to taxes) and wealth of locals (due to employment).
  • taxes are used to improve infrastructure and services. People also have more money to spend. These attract more business creating more jobs.
  • the cycle (more jobs - more services - more jobs) is called the multiplier effect
  • MNC factories are often located in LEDCs as labour is cheaper so they make more profit. Headquarters are located in MEDCs as they have more skilled and educated workers.
56
Q

What are the advantages of MNCs?

A

They create jobs (skilled jobs)

Skilled jobs encourages more education and training in the area.

Workers get higher wages and more reliable incomes compared to other jobs

Money is spend on infrastructure and taxes help development.

Local companies supply MNCs, increasing income.

Lower prices, wider range of goods in the area.

57
Q

What are the disadvantages of MNCs?

A

Jobs aren’t always secure as the MNC could relocate to somewhere cheaper.

Employees may work long hours in poor conditions.

LEDC employees may be payed less than employees in MEDCs.

Other local companies may struggle and shut down.

Profits go back to the country of origin.

Large sites attract lots of traffic and increases pollution.

58
Q

How does globalisation have economic impacts on MEDCs and LEDCs?

A

MEDCs:
It’s caused deindustrialisation as manufacturing industries have moved to LEDCs
The tertiary and quaternary industries have increases, increasing the rich-poor gap.
(Unskilled can’t find jobs)

LEDCs and NICs:
Caused industrialisation
Manufacturing moved here but this increased the gap also as wealth from the MNCs isn’t always spread evenly.

59
Q

What are the environmental impacts of globalisation?

A

Carbon emissions increased

People can afford to be more wasteful

Deforestation and destruction of habitats

Oil pollution as more products transported by ship

60
Q

What are the social/cultural impacts of globalisation?

A

More jobs and money into the country

Infrastructure and healthcare improved

Countries may be losing their heritage

61
Q

What are the advantages of LEDCs receiving aid?

A

Helps recovery from natural disaster / earthquake / cyclone /war/drought/famine by providing emergency supplies of food / tents / recovery experts

Helps farmers grow more crops/increase food supply by providing new / appropriate technology & machinery/wells

Improves healthcare by funding hospitals / training doctors

Improves education by training teachers / building schools

Improves sanitation by providing toilets / hygiene training /sewage disposal

Helps industry to develop by developing new infrastructure / roads / power sources

Helps local communities in local projects or self-help schemes by providing training/funding/expertise

Improves status of women by increasing access to education/training

Reduce birth rate/disease by family planning/provision of contraception

62
Q

What’s multilateral aid?

A

Multilateral aid - provided by many countries and organised by an international body e.g. UN.
This is indirect through an international organisation that distributes aid

63
Q

What’s bilateral aid?

A

Bilateral aid - it’s given directly from one country to another. Often is tied e.g. to commercial deals or conditions

64
Q

What’s a disadvantage of economic development indicators?

A

They don’t take into account money from the informal sector and are affected by the exchange rates to dollars.

65
Q

Why is a single measure of development not as useful?

A

It’s only an average and doesn’t demonstrate the extremes of elite groups.

66
Q

Explain why some aid from MEDCs to LEDCs is not sustainable:

A

• Doesn’t always reach the people who need it
• Poor infrastructure/corruption
• Aid may be tied to donor country
• Has to be used to buy goods/services/arms from
donor
• Creates dependency on aid / aid will eventually stop
• Government loses incentive to make long-term plans
• If used inappropriately benefits are short-lived
• Aid may be directed to capital-intensive project
• May not help local people
• Large-scale scheme may damage the environment
• May lead to resource depletion, eg, deforestation,
soil erosion
• May result in future debt / loans have to be repaid
• Aid may suffer from compassion fatigue in donor
countries.
• Short –term / not long-term
• Credit examples from specific schemes e.g. goats
require food/vet care
• E.g. Desertification caused by goats overgrazing.

67
Q

Explain the benefits of access to clean water:

A

• Improve personal health/hygiene
• People are healthier so can work/earn money
• Less susceptible to disease e.g. typhoid /
chorea/dysentery
• Longer life expectancy
• Economy grows
• Cleaner food / safer to eat
• Time saved / don’t have to walk to collect water so
more time for farming/working/going to school
• Possible to store water for future use/guard against
drought.
• People don’t suffer from dehydration
• Grow more crops/improves yield so reduces
malnourishment/starvation

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