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Geography Paper 2 > Economic Development > Flashcards

Economic Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three main global groups?

A
  • LICs
  • NEES
  • HICs
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2
Q

What are factors which determine a countries development?

A
  • economic growth
  • technological growth
  • typical quality of life
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3
Q

What factors make up quality of life?

A
  • economic status (income and housing)
  • social status (friends/family/education)
  • physical status (diet/ environmental quality)
  • psychological status (happiness/security/freedom)
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4
Q

What is GNI?

A

Gross national income

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5
Q

How is GNI calculated?

A

By adding together:

  • the total value of goods and services produced by the population
  • the income earned from investments that’s its people and businesses made overseas
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6
Q

How many LICs are there in the world?

A

30

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7
Q

What is the maximum GNI that an LIC can have?

A

$1,045

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8
Q

How many NEES are there?

A

80

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9
Q

What are features of NEEs?

A
  • high rates of economic growth
  • rapid factory expansion and industrialisation
  • investment from TNCs (transnational corporations) eg shell in Nigeria
  • middle income
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10
Q

How many HICs are there?

A

120 including small HICs

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11
Q

Describe pattern of HICs

A
  • Almost all in northern hemisphere apart from New Zealand and Australia
  • mostly in Western Europe, North America, Eastern Asia and the Middle East
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12
Q

Does Asia have more NEEs or LICs?

A

NEEs

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13
Q

Why is the Brandt line dividing the rich north and poor south irrelevant

A
  • chins is now the worlds biggest economy
  • several of the highest income countries are in the the south
  • the GNI per capita of some EU members is lower than Brazil and Malaysia
  • large numbers of billionaires can be found in every continent
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14
Q

Ways of measuring social development

A
  • literacy rate
  • people per doctor
  • access to safe water
  • infant mortality
  • life expectancy
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15
Q

Limitations of economic development?

A
  • people can lie about data eg their income
  • data may be hard to collect
  • rapid migration makes it hard to know how many people live in an area
  • the currency of dollars to other currencies changes every day
  • errors and omissions can creep into calculations
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16
Q

What is Hunan Development Index HDI made up of?

A
  • life expectancy
  • income
  • education
17
Q

What is the scale of Human Development Index?

A

0 to 1

18
Q

What happens in all of the stages of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) regarding population?

A
  • stage 1- high fluctuating
  • stage 2-early increase
  • stage 3- late increase
  • stage 4- low fluctuating
  • stage 5- decline
19
Q

Give examples of countries in each stage of the DTM

A
  • stage 1- Nothing
  • stage 2- Sierra Leone (LIC)
  • stage 3- Bangladesh (NEE)
  • stage 4- USA (HIC)
  • stage 5- Germany (HIC)
20
Q

How does rapid population growth impact development?

A
  • over population which means mass unemployment
  • environmental degradation caused by over grazing
  • reduces health and happiness due to lack of food
21
Q

What are the historical reasons for varying levels of national development?

A
  • colonialism caused conflict
  • independence gained by a poor country
  • political problems
22
Q

How is Development affected by economic factors?

A
  • food prices fluctuate wildly depending on competition and quality of crops
  • corrupt leaders of LICs have benefitted from selling resources cheaply to TNCs
  • International organisations have not done enough to establish fair terms on global trade
  • poor trade links
23
Q

How do physical factors affect development?

A
  • physical hazards cause destruction of homes and schools
  • physical hazards decrease life expectancy
  • coastlines- all landlocked counties are LICs or NEEs
  • few raw materials available
24
Q

What are the consequences of uneven development?

A
  • disparities in wealth
  • disparities in health
  • International migration
25
Q

What measures disparities in countries

A
  • The Gini coefficient
  • 0 means everyone has the same income
  • 1 means one person has the countries entire income
26
Q

Which countries have the highest levels of disparities?

A

LICs and NEEs

27
Q

How does uneven development lead to international migration?

A
  • people search for a better life (economic migrants)

* people are forced to leave due to persecution or disasters)

28
Q

Why is international migration increasing?

A
  • there remains a high development gap between LICs and HICs
  • technology spreads and people find out about the bright lights of other places
29
Q

What strategies can be used to reduce the development gap?

A
  • industrial development
  • tourism
  • microfinance loans
  • intermediate technology
  • fair trade
  • aid
  • debt relief
  • investment
30
Q

How is aid useful to an LIC?

A
  • money or resources can be used in development projects for example constructing schools
  • aid can be wasted by corrupt governments
  • once money runs out projects stop working if there isn’t enough support
31
Q

How is debt relief useful to an LIC?

A
  • when a country’s debt is cancelled
  • it helps countries begin to develop instead of paying back loans
  • for example Zambia had $4 billion cancelled in 2005 and could then start a free health care scheme
32
Q

How is investment useful to an LIC?

A
  • foreign direct investment (FDI) is when people in one country but property or infrastructure in another
  • FDI leads to better finance, technology and expertise meaning better infrastructure and services
33
Q

How is industrial development useful to an LIC?

A

•developing industry increases GNI and helps improve levels of development as productivity, skill and infrastructure are improved

34
Q

How is tourism useful to an LIC?

A
  • increased income

* leads to increased development

35
Q

How is microfinance loans useful to an LIC?

A
  • small loans given to people in LICs
  • enables them to start their own businesses and become financially dependent
  • not clear that microfinance can reduce poverty on a large scale
36
Q

How is using intermediate technology useful to an LIC?

A
  • includes tools than are affordable, simple to use and improve quality of life
  • for example solar panels LED lightbulbs are used in Nepal
  • this allows people to work in their homes or businesses
  • as a result, skills, income and industrial output can increase
37
Q

How is fair trade useful to an LIC?

A
  • gets farmers a fair price for goods produced in LICs
  • this allows them to provide for their families
  • a large proportion of people in LICs are farmers so this reduces the development gap
  • however only a small amount actually reaches the farmer

Geography Paper 2 (8 decks)

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