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Russia > Economic and social developments 1918-1924 > Flashcards

Economic and social developments 1918-1924 Flashcards

state capitalism; social change; conditions in cities and countryside during the Civil War; war communism; the Red Terror: revolts of 1920–1921 including the Tambov revolt and Kronstadt rising; the NEP and its political and economic impact

1
Q

what was state capitalism

A

a mixture of communism and capitalism
large scale industry nationalised but allowed private trade, free markets and small scale industry privatised
Includes the decrees of 1917

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2
Q

when was state capitalism

A

1917-1918

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3
Q

when were the banks nationalised

A

December 1917

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4
Q

When were the railways nationalised

A

June and September 1918

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5
Q

When was external trade nationalised

A

June 1918

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6
Q

why was workers control of factories a problem under state capitalism

A

They were not good at managing so production fell causing inflation
They gave themselves bonuses and stole

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7
Q

Why was inflation under state capitalism a problem

A

peasants refused to sell grain leading to food and fuel shortages
Leading to black markets, exodus, starvation and disease

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8
Q

How many people died from starvation under state capitalism

A

5 million

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9
Q

How many people left Petrograd under state capitalism

A

60% of the workforce by April 1918

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10
Q

How much of their wages were workers spending on food under state capitalism

A

75%

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11
Q

When was war communism

A

1918-1921

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12
Q

What was war communism for

A

To provide food to the red army and workers in towns and cities
to stop the economic decline caused by state capitalism

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13
Q

What are the 5 elements of war communism

A

Requisitioning
Labour discipline
Rationing
Ban on private trade
Nationalisation of all industry

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14
Q

How was requisitioning carried out under war communism

A

Food supplies dictatorship established in May 1918
Units of Red guards and soldiers would forcibly take a quota of grain from the peasants

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15
Q

When did all industry come under state control

A

June 1918

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16
Q

How was labour discipline improved

A

Workers committees replaced by managers
Fines for lateness or absenteeism
Work books needed to get rations
Piece-work rates
Internal passports to stop migration

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17
Q

How did rationing work under war communism

A

On a class basis
Workers and soldiers got the most rations
Middle class and bourgeoisie got barely enough to survive

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18
Q

How was war communism successful

A

stopped economic decline
helped the reds win the civil war by feeding the workers and soldiers
controlled the peasants
increased Bolshevik control

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19
Q

inflation under war communism

A

1918-1921 20% a month

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20
Q

what emerged as a result of the ban on private trade under war communism

A

A black market which made up 2/3 of peoples diet

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21
Q

How low were wages under war communism

A

In 1919 wages were 2% of 1913 wages

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22
Q

What did the fuel shortage cause under war communism

A

Winter of 1919-1920 3000 homes in Petrograd were stripped of wood

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23
Q

How many migrated under war communism

A

1/2 of the urban proletariat

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24
Q

How low was production under war communism

A

In 1920 production was 14% of what it was in 1913

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25
Q

7 issues with war communism

A

Inflation
food and fuel shortages
black market
low industry production
Migration
Resistance
Low wages

26
Q

3 elements of the NEP

A

Ban on private trade lifted
Grain requisitioning ended
Rationing ended

27
Q

How was grain requisitioning ender under the NEP

A

It was replaced by a tax in kind
then replaced by a normal tax after the scissor crisis of 1923

28
Q

How much did cereal production increase under the NEP

A

Increased 23% 1920-1923

29
Q

How much did factory output increase under the NEP

A

Increased 200% 1920-1923

30
Q

When had production levels of 1913 been reached under the NEP

A

1923

31
Q

How was the NEP successful

A

recovered the economy
reduced unrest within Russia

32
Q

How was the NEP unsuccessful

A

Ideologically not sound so faced opposition - ban on factions
NEPmen
Scissor crisis

33
Q

What was the scissor crisis

A

1923
Grain prices were falling but industrial prices were rising as the industry had not fully recovered
peasants were reluctant to sell grain
resolved when government changed tax in kind to tax and by bringing down industrial prices

34
Q

Who were NEPmen

A

private traders who would travel selling goods
made up 3/4 of retail trade by 1923

35
Q

How many times did Kiev change hands during the civil war

A

16 times

36
Q

What happened to the miner in the Donbass region in the civil war

A

they were shot if they did not produce enough

37
Q

How many Jewish people were murdered in Ukraine in the Civil War

A

115,000

38
Q

What did the Cossacks do during the civil war

A

raped and murdered whole villages during pogroms

39
Q

prostitutes in Petrograd

A

In 1920 42% of prostitutes in Petrograd were from bourgeoisie families

40
Q

Why did bourgeoisie suffer under war communism

A

They had very little rations
Housing was taken and split into flats for the poor
Resorted to selling any belonging and prostitution

41
Q

How did some workers benefit during the Civil War

A

Bourgeoisie houses were split up and given to poor people

42
Q

how many people died from disease during the Civil War

A

450,000

43
Q

5 poor social conditions during the Civil War

A

Chaos - Kiev
treatment from armies - pogroms
disease
treatment of workers - Donbass miners
bourgeoisie and middle classes

44
Q

When did the red terror begin and why

A

Began in summer 1918 after Left wing SRs shot the German ambassador and attempted to shoot Lenin

45
Q

What happened to Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries in the red terror

A

Many were arrested
Excluded from soviets

46
Q

What happened to many prisoners during the red terror

A

they were shot

47
Q

How many people were killed by the cheka during the red terror

A

Official records claim 13,000
Real estimates are around 300,000

48
Q

What was the aim of the red terror

A

remove opposition
scare civilians into obedience
carry out class warfare
help requisitioning

49
Q

Why did the introduction of the NEP require more political control

A

As it was against communist ideology so Lenin faced a lot of opposition from within and outside the party

50
Q

What happened to other political groups after the introduction of the NEP

A

5000 Mensheviks were arrested
Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries were outlawed

51
Q

What were the show trials after the NEP

A

1921
34 Socialist Revolutionaries were condemned as terrorists
11 were executed

52
Q

How was censorship introduced after the NEP

A

1922
All writing and publications had to be submitted to GLAVIT before being published
Writes and scholars were deported in spring 1922

53
Q

When and why did the Tambov rebellion begin

A

1920
After a bad harvest requisitioning squads continued to take grain when stock was very low

54
Q

How many were arrested and shot during the Tambov rebellion

A

100,000 arrested
15,000 shot

55
Q

How was the Tambov rebellion defeated

A

100,000 red army soldiers
took over a year to deal with

56
Q

When did the Kronstadt rebellion start

A

March 1st 1921

57
Q

What did the Kronstadt sailors do

A

Mutinied and started to revolt against the Bolsheviks
Formed a provisional revolutionary committee which issues demands

58
Q

What were the demands of the Kronstadt rebellion

A

Relaxation of war communism
improve food supplies
Increase democratic input into government

59
Q

How was the Krostadt rebellion stopped

A

60,000 troops led a siege for 3 weeks

60
Q

When did the Kronstadt rebellion fall

A

March 17th 1921

61
Q

How many sailors were captured after the Kronstadt rebellion

A

2,000

Russia (6 decks)

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