Developments between the revolutions

Question 1

when did Lenin return to Petrograd

Answer 1

4th April

Question 2

Terms of the April thesis

Answer 2

no concessions to revolutionary defencism
no support for the PG
necessity of transferring entire state power to soviet of workers deputies
nationalisation of land

Question 3

how Lenin helped the Bolsheviks with the April thesis

Answer 3

part accepted the thesis as the party programme at the end of april
appealed to lower classes who did not understand marxist stage theory and why a bourgeoise revolution needed to happen

Question 4

what were the july days

Answer 4

failure of the kerensky offensive created crisis for the PG coalition fell apart creating a power vacuum
soldiers began deserting and mutinying
PG ordered first machine gun regiment to the fron - contravention to order no 1 which guaranteed the patrograd garrison would remain in the city
machine gunners resolved to overthrow the PG

Question 5

3rd July

Answer 5

madd of workers and soldiers marched through Petrograd calling for all power to the soviet

Question 6

4th July

Answer 6

20,000 krostadt sailors marched to Bolshevik head quarters awaiting instruction
lenin gave ambiguous speech

Question 7

why was the july days bad for the bolsheviks

Answer 7

seen as their fault
arrest of leaders
discredited by the soviet

Question 8

what was the kornilov affair

Answer 8

25th August kornilov ordered his soldiers to march on petrograd
20,000-40,00 factory workers rearmed by the PG
trotsky released to help
bolshevik railway workers stopped the train with kornilovs troops

Question 10

role of trotsky

Answer 10

organised the oct rev
set up military revolutionary committee in case of german attack or another kornilov like assault - bolsheviks had control of this
directed the red guards to seize key locations

Question 11

role of Lenin

Answer 11

expanded party membership
urgency of the revolution with meeting of all Russian congress of soviets in Oct and elections for constituent assembly in Nov
got central committee to pass armed insurection 10th Oct

Question 12

How much did Bolshevik membership increase after Lenin’s return

Answer 12

10,000 to 80,000

Question 13

when did the PG issue declaration of war aims and what were they

Answer 13

27th March
Russia to only fight defensively

Question 14

what was the April crisis

Answer 14

Miliukov (foreign minister) promised allies that Russia would continue to fight an aggressive war - resulted in protests and resignation of Miliukov and other liberals from the PG as it went against the PS and declaration war aims

Question 15

How did the April crisis help the Bolsheviks

Answer 15

Miliukov and other that resigned replaced by 6 Mensheviks and SRs
Bolsheviks were not part of the joining
PS increasingly dominated by Bolsheviks - seemed like true socialists sticking to values

Question 16

What was the July-Kerensky offensive

Answer 16

Kerensky decided to launch massive attack on Germans
initially successful but German counter-attack meant it quickly fell apart

Question 17

How did the Kerensky offensive benefit the Bolsheviks

Answer 17

failure of the PG meant they were more disliked
Bolsheviks were not involved in the PG but other socialist parties were

Question 18

how did the PG deal with the land issue

Answer 18

refused to allow peasant seizures as many liberals in the PG were land owning nobles
set-up land committees to collect information - no action taken

Question 19

How did the PG deal with the grain issue

Answer 19

fixed grain prices at 60% of tsarist levels

Question 20

why was the PG not able to solve the grain issue

Answer 20

grain prices still didnt match prices of consumer goods so peasants didnt sell their grain
peasants hoarded grain - workers protested

Question 21

how many Petrograd factories closed down and how many lost their jobs from this

Answer 21

568 between February and July
100,000 lost jobs

Question 22

why did the PG not have authority

Answer 22

not an elected body
no constitutional claim or loyalty from Russian people - judged on how it dealt with issues
limited by partnership with PS

Question 23

What were the initial victories of the dual authority

Answer 23

trade unions legalised
8 hour working day
full civil ad religious freedoms

Question 24

why did the July days happen

Answer 24

failure of the Kerensky offensive created a crisis for the PG - the coalition fell apart creating a power vacuum

Question 25

When did the July days begin and why

Answer 25

20th June First Machine gun regiment ordered to send 2/3 of its soldiers to support the offensive opposed order no1 which said Petrograd garrison would remain in Petrograd machine gunners resolved to overthrow the PG encourage by Bolshevik agitators

Question 26

Lenin's thoughts on July days

Answer 26

urged restraint and to delay action until the Bolsheviks had a majority in the PS left June 29th for Finland returned July 4th

Question 27

what happened on July 3rd

Answer 27

mas of workers and soldiers marched through the city towards the Tauride Palace calling for all power to the soviets

Question 28

What did Lenin do on July 4th

Answer 28

delivered an ambiguous speech to the crowd of 400,00 at the Bolshevik headquarters crowd marched to the Tauride palace

Question 29

How was the July days bad for the Bolsheviks

Answer 29

anti-Bolshevik hysteria dominated the city Soviet denounced the Bolsheviks 100s of Bolsheviks arrested including Trotsky

Question 30

Who was Kornilov

Answer 30

commander in chief of the Russian army after Kerensky replaced Brusilov with him

Question 31

What was the Kornilov affair

Answer 31

Kornilov thought the PG was being held captive by the soviet Kerensky relieved him of his position as they thought he was trying to overthrow the PG 25th August he ordered soldiers to march on Petrograd

Question 32

what did Kerensky do when he heard of Kornilovs troops

Answer 32

turned to the Bolsheviks released Trotsky and Kamenev 20,000-40,00 Bolshevik red guard re-armed

Question 33

How did the Bolsheviks stop the Kornilov coup

Answer 33

Bolshevik railway workers stopped Kornilov's troops trains Bolshevik agents infiltrated the approaching armies and turned men against Kornilov

Question 34

How did the Kornilov affair help the Bolsheviks

Answer 34

gave the Bolsheviks access to arms and ammunition Bolshevik military organisation able to expand activities to protect revolution Bolsheviks seen as saviours of the city

Question 35

How many members did the Bolshevik party have after the Kornilov coup

Answer 35

200,000

Question 36

When did the Bolshevik party win the majority in the PS

Answer 36

31st August

Question 37

When was Trotsky elected the president of the PS

Answer 37

25th September

Question 38

When was the military revolutionary committee established and why

Answer 38

16th October Trotsky set it up to organise the defence of Petrograd against possible attacks

Question 39

how did the MRC help the Bolsheviks

Answer 39

the Bolsheviks controlled it so could control Petrograd Mensheviks and SRs refused to cooperate so became Bolshevik forces

Question 40

why was Lenin so urgent on calling for a revolution

Answer 40

meeting of ARCS (all Russian congress of soviets) in October Elections for a constituent assembly in November

Question 41

When did the Bolshevik central committee agree to an armed insurrection

Answer 41

10th October vote of 10/2

Question 42

how did Lenin get the CC to agree to a revolution

Answer 42

used his powers of persuasion appealed to the party in September (History will not forgive us if we do not seize power)

Question 43

Who organised the October revolution and what did they do

Answer 43

Trotsky directed the red guard to seize key locations e.g. bridges and telegraph offices massed troops at the Bolshevik headquarters

Question 44

How did Trotsky help to gain support for the revolution

Answer 44

sent Bolshevik speakers around the Factories to rally support commissars were sent to all Petrograd garrison units - 15/18 pledged allegiance to the Soviet not PG

Question 45

How many soldiers, sailors and red guard did the MRC control

Answer 45

200,000 red guard 60,000 Baltic sailors 150,000 soldiers