Ecology lecture 9 succession warming

Question 1

greenhouse gases

Answer 1

water vapor (H2O) carbon dioxide CO2, methane CH4 nitrous oxide N2O-fermintation, OZONE, chloroflurocarbons [image: guy driving car on cold day, breathing out, farting, banana ferminting, fertialzer back, and spray self with aerosale (chloroflourocarbons).

Question 2

natural greenhouse effect

Answer 2

natural warming effect of troposphere. This effect releases heat in atomposhere near earth’s surface. Greenhouse gases (above + ozone) and other gases in lower atmopshere (troposphere) absorb some of infared radiation heat radiated by earths surface. Molecules vibrate and transform absorbed energy into longer wavelenght infared radiation in troposphere. IF atomosphere concentrations of green house gases increase and other natural processes do not remove the, AVG TEMP of lower atmosphere will increase (compare to global warming: warming of earths lower atmosphere (troposphere) b/c increase in concentrations of one or more greenhouse gases. Can result in climate change that last for decades to thousands of years.

Question 3

Global Warming

Answer 3

The increase in Earth’s average surface temperature resulting from an accelerated warming of the earths lower atmosphere (troposphere) due to increases n the concentration of one or more greenhouse gases primarily CO2 from burning fossil fuels (HUMAN INDUCED). –It can result in climate change that can last for decases to thousands of years. (we are adding to much CO2). transpiration energy industry

Question 4

climate change

Answer 4

broader term that refers to long-term changes in climate, including average temperature and precipitation, primarily due to rising CO2 levels from consumption of fossil fuels.
•earths temp increased some areas an avg 11 degrees Farenheit-

Question 5

consequences of earth warming (PART I)

Answer 5

1. Polar ice caps melting-valances; increase sea level due extra water (flood locations at sea level)
2. Increase violent storms due air over ocean warming to higher extend-warm air arrives more energy , creates more violent storms
3. Desertification: drying out certain regions when dry air masses cross over certain regions

Question 6

consequences of earth warming (PART II)

Answer 6

4. Increase forest fires - due warmer drier conditions
5. Disruption in our ability grow agriculture crops in present locations
6. increase in tropical diseases moving to what used to be temperate areas
7. disruption ecosystems, as orgs can’t adjust to rising temps–esp orgs with narrow tolerance range or not mobile.

Question 7

climate

Answer 7

physical properties of large area (preciptitation /temperature) as measured over long period of time. affected by temp and prices. These 2 factors are influenced by latitude topography elevation ocean

Question 8

CO2 carbon dioxide sources

Answer 8

transportation: in cars,
energy: electricity production
products: factories
burning of forests (deforestation)

Question 9

Methane (CH4)

Answer 9

-Agriculture: farm animals,
-Dams -build up vegitation rot
Landfills: consumption of stuff INTO landfills
decay of organic waste in municipal solid waste landfills.

Question 10

nitrous oxide (N2O)

Answer 10

nitrous oxide (N2O)
Agricutlure: fertilizers
combustion fossil fuels

Question 11

ecological succession

Answer 11

gradual change in plant and animal communities in an area (over time) following disturbance or the creation of a new substrate. Often the replaced communities are more complex.

Question 12

subtrate

Answer 12

surface on which a plant or animal lives. A substrate can include biotic or abiotic materials and animals. For example, encrusting algae that lives on a rock (its substrate) can be itself a substrate for another animal that lives on top of the algae.

Question 13

Primary ecological succession

Answer 13

ecological succession that involves the breakdown of an unusable resource; succession in an area where there was no life previously. [ no soil in a terrestrial ecosystem OR no bottom sediment in an aquatic ecosystem.

Question 14

Exp Primary sucession

Answer 14

bare rock exposed by retreating glacier, newly cooled lave and abandoned highway or parking lot, newly created shallow pond. Takes 100-1,000 years for need build up fertile soil or aquatic sediments provide nutrients needed establish plant communities.

Question 15

secondary ecological succession

Answer 15

ecological succession where an existing community has been disturbed, destroyed, or cleared leaving the soil OR bottom sediment intact. -more common-

Question 16

exp secondary ecological succession

Answer 16

abandoned farmland (old field), burned or cut forests, heavily polluted streams, and land that flooded. Can begin weeks (vegs germinate). Seeds in soil and/or imported wind or droppings birds/animals.

Question 17

Aquatic - eutrophication

Answer 17

the gradual filling in of a lake basin with plant nutrients and sediments.

Question 18

Terrestrial

Answer 18

eg. succession at Glacier Bay, old field succession, intertidal succession

Question 19

Eutrophication Bonus

Answer 19

Eutrophication is characterized by excessive plant and algal growth due to the increased availability of one or more limiting growth factors needed for photosynthesis , such as sunlight, carbon dioxide, and nutrient fertilizers. Eutrophication occurs naturally over centuries as lakes age and are filled in with sediments. However, human activities have accelerated the rate and extent of eutrophication through both point-source discharges and non-point loadings of limiting nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, into aquatic ecosystems (i.e., cultural eutrophication), with dramatic consequences for drinking water sources, fisheries, and recreational water bodies

Question 20

Degradative succession

Answer 20

succession of organisms that exploit a dead resource (finite and ephemeral) such as dead log, carcass, cow patty

Question 21

role of disturbances in ecosystems - intermediate disturbance hypothesis

Answer 21

an intermediate amount of disturbances is actually optimal for maintaining species diversity. [highest diversity will occur at levels of moderate disturbance]

Question 22

Ecological disturbance,

Answer 22

an event or force, of abiotic or biotic origin, that brings about mortality to organisms and changes in their spatial patterning in the ecosystems they inhabit. Disturbance plays a significant role in shaping the structure of individual populations and the character of whole ecosystems.NOTE: the first conceptual disturbance-related model in modern ecology was ecological succession, an idea emphasizing the progressive changes in ecosystem structure that follow a disturbance.

Question 23

old field

Answer 23

Old field is a term used in ecology to describe lands formerly cultivated or grazed but later abandoned. The dominant flora include grasses, heaths and herbaceous plants, with encroaching woody vegetation. It represents an intermediate stage found in ecological succession in an ecosystem advancing towards its climax community.

Question 24

species richness

Answer 24

variety of species, measured by number of different species contained in a community

Question 25

species diversity

Answer 25

of different species (species richness) combined with relative abundance of individuals within each of those species (species evenness) in given area.

Question 26

species evenness

Answer 26

degress to which comparative numbers of individuals of each of the species present in a community are similar.

Question 27

ecological footprint

Answer 27

amount of biological productive land &water needed to supply a population with the renewable resources it uses & to absorb or dispose of the wastes from such resource use. Measure of AVG ENV impact population in different countries and areas (see per capita footprint)

Question 28

Natural Services

Answer 28

processes in nature (purification of water and air, renewable topsoil) which support life and human economies.

Question 29

natural capital

Answer 29

natural resources and natural services which support life and human economies

Question 30

sustainability

Answer 30

using resources in the environment such that they can replenish themselves naturally, not overwhelming the capactiy of the environment to cleanse and renew itself by narutal processes

Question 31

what are the three types of succession

Answer 31

primary secondary degradative

Question 32

name of the hypothesis related to disturbances

Answer 32

intermediate disturbance hypothesis

Question 33

IPAT

Answer 33

Environmental Impact = population X Affluence (consumption per person) X Technological (+/-) impact per unit of consumption