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ECOLOGY 1 > ecology 5,8,9 > Flashcards

ecology 5,8,9 Flashcards

DUKAAA

1
Q

an individual is measured by the
proportionate contribution it makes to future
generations.

A

FITNESS

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2
Q

a trait that helps organisms
survive and reproduce

A

ADAPTATION

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3
Q

alternate forms of a gene

A

ALLELES

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4
Q

in which DNA is used in the
synthesis of products such as proteins.

A

Gene expression

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5
Q

All of the DNA in a cell is collectively called the

A

GENOME

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6
Q

Genes are arranged in linear order along
microscopic, threadlike bodies called

A

CHROMOSOMES

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7
Q

are genetic material that codes for a
functional products

A

GENES

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8
Q

The position occupied by a gene on the
chromosome is called the

A

LOCUS

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9
Q

pair of alleles present at a given locus defines
the

A

GENOTYPE

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10
Q

2 MAIN CATEGORIES OF GENOTYPES

A

HOMOZYGOUS & HETEROZYGOUS

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11
Q

TYPES OF ADAPTATION

A

STRUCTURAL ADAPTATION & BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION

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12
Q

adaptation in which responses made by an
organism that help it to survive/reproduce. ( ex.
Nocturnal

A

BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION

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13
Q

adaptation that involves some part of an
animals body( ex. Teeth, body covering for
defense, movement)

A

STRUCTURAL ADAPTATION

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14
Q

a body process that helps an
organism to survive/reproduce

A

PHYSIOLOGICAL

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15
Q

the physical expression of the
Genotype

A

PHENOTYPE

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16
Q

these changes are
irreversible

A

Developmental plasticity

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17
Q

ability of genotype to
give rise to different phenotypic expressions
under different environmental conditions.

A

Phenotypic plasticity

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18
Q

reversible phenotypic changes in
response to changing environments

A

ACCLIMATION

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19
Q

when genetic variation
occurs among subpopulations

A

Genetic differentiation

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20
Q

a group of individuals of the
same species that inhabit a given area.

A

POPULATION

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21
Q

predictable and
determinate from conception on.

A

UNITARY ORGANISM

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22
Q

they develop by branching,
repeated units of structure. A module, which
then produces further, similar modules.

A

MODULAR ORGANISM

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23
Q

– plant produced by sexual reproduction,
thus arising from a zygote

A

GENET

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24
Q

modules produced asexually by the
genet

A

RAMETS

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25
the defined areas encompasses all the individuals of a species
GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE
26
a species with a geographically widespread distribution
UBIQUITOUS
27
a species with a distribution that is restricted to a particular locality or localized habitat
ENDEMIC
28
Factors Affecting Distributions
1. HABITAT SUSTAINABILITY 2. GEOGRAPHIC BARRIERS - METAPOPULATIONS - ABUNDANCE REFLECTS POPULATION DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION -POPULATION DENSITY
29
GEOGRAPHIC BARRIERS
- METAPOPULATIONS - ABUNDANCE REFLECTS POPULATION DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION -POPULATION DENSITY
30
a results of environmental heterogeneity, most populations are divided into subpopulations each occupying suitable habitats
METAPOPULATIONS
31
the number of **individuals per unit area**
POPULATION DENSITY
32
the number of individuals **in the populations**
ABUNDANCE
33
number of individuals **per unit area**
Density
34
ABUNDANCE IS A FUNCTION OF 2 FACTORS
1. POPULATION DENSITY 2. AREA OF POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
35
POPULATION DISTRIBUTIONS
1. RANDOM 2. REGULAR/UNIFORM 3. CLUMPED
36
a type of population distribution where in each individual's position is independent of the others
random
37
type of population distribution where in it has antagonistic interactions
regular/uniform
38
type of population distribution where in individuals occur in groups
clumped
39
which is the number of individuals per unit of **available living space.**
ecological density
40
density measured simply as the number of individuals per unit area
crude density
41
Methods for Determining Density
1.Quadrat method 2.Mark-recapture 3.indices of abundance 4. lincoln-petersen index
42
used for plants and sessile animals
quadtrat method
43
used for mobile animals
mark-recapture
44
methods include detection of the presence of organisms rather than direct counts ( Vocalizations, Heard, Recording of calls, count of animal scat and Animal tracks )
Indices of abundance
45
simplest single mark recapture method
Lincoln-Petersen index
46
___________ is random
sampling
47
________do not tell us anything
abundance
48
measures of population structure
age, developmental age, and size
49
it is restricted to a certain age
reproduction
50
Three ecologically important age classes or stages:
Prereproductive, reproductive and postreproductive
51
the movement of individuals in space
dispersal
52
reason for dispersal
1. Crowding 2. Temperature change 3. Quality and abundance of food 4. Photoperiod
53
move out
emigration
54
move in another location
immigration
55
roundtrip
migration
56
reproduce then die
semelparity
57
reproduction is repetetive
iteroparity
58
refers to how the number of individuals in a population increases or decreases over time
population growth
59
reflects the difference between rates of Birth and death
population growth
60
characteristics of populations inhabiting favorable conditions with low densities
exponential growth
61
as resources are depleted population growth rate slows and eventually stops
logistic growth
62
provide a Schedule of age-Specific mortality and Survival
life tables
63
a group of individuals born in the same period of time.
cohort
64
approach constructs a cohort from individuals born over several time periods instead of just one
cohort/dynamic life table
65
This approach does not involve following a single or group of cohorts, but rather it is constructed by sampling the population in some manner to obtain a distribution of age classes during a single time period.
time-specific life table
66
type of stochasticity where in random variations in BIRTHRATE and deathrates from year to year
demographic stochasticity
67
type of stochasticity where is random variations in the ENVIRONMENT
environmental stochasticity
68
structure
distribution density proportion of age classes
69
dynamics
birth death migration
70

ECOLOGY 1 (7 decks)

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