ecology 5,8,9 Flashcards
DUKAAA
an individual is measured by the
proportionate contribution it makes to future
generations.
FITNESS
a trait that helps organisms
survive and reproduce
ADAPTATION
alternate forms of a gene
ALLELES
in which DNA is used in the
synthesis of products such as proteins.
Gene expression
All of the DNA in a cell is collectively called the
GENOME
Genes are arranged in linear order along
microscopic, threadlike bodies called
CHROMOSOMES
are genetic material that codes for a
functional products
GENES
The position occupied by a gene on the
chromosome is called the
LOCUS
pair of alleles present at a given locus defines
the
GENOTYPE
2 MAIN CATEGORIES OF GENOTYPES
HOMOZYGOUS & HETEROZYGOUS
TYPES OF ADAPTATION
STRUCTURAL ADAPTATION & BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION
adaptation in which responses made by an
organism that help it to survive/reproduce. ( ex.
Nocturnal
BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION
adaptation that involves some part of an
animals body( ex. Teeth, body covering for
defense, movement)
STRUCTURAL ADAPTATION
a body process that helps an
organism to survive/reproduce
PHYSIOLOGICAL
the physical expression of the
Genotype
PHENOTYPE
these changes are
irreversible
Developmental plasticity
ability of genotype to
give rise to different phenotypic expressions
under different environmental conditions.
Phenotypic plasticity
reversible phenotypic changes in
response to changing environments
ACCLIMATION
when genetic variation
occurs among subpopulations
Genetic differentiation
a group of individuals of the
same species that inhabit a given area.
POPULATION
predictable and
determinate from conception on.
UNITARY ORGANISM
they develop by branching,
repeated units of structure. A module, which
then produces further, similar modules.
MODULAR ORGANISM
– plant produced by sexual reproduction,
thus arising from a zygote
GENET
modules produced asexually by the
genet
RAMETS
the defined areas
encompasses all the individuals of a species
GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE
a species with a geographically
widespread distribution
UBIQUITOUS
a species with a distribution that is
restricted to a particular locality or localized
habitat
ENDEMIC
Factors Affecting Distributions
- HABITAT SUSTAINABILITY
- GEOGRAPHIC BARRIERS
- METAPOPULATIONS
- ABUNDANCE REFLECTS POPULATION DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION
-POPULATION DENSITY
GEOGRAPHIC BARRIERS
- METAPOPULATIONS
- ABUNDANCE REFLECTS POPULATION DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION
-POPULATION DENSITY
a results of environmental
heterogeneity, most populations are divided into
subpopulations each occupying suitable habitats
METAPOPULATIONS
the number of individuals
per unit area
POPULATION DENSITY
the number of individuals in the
populations
ABUNDANCE
number of individuals per unit area
Density
ABUNDANCE IS A FUNCTION OF 2 FACTORS
- POPULATION DENSITY
- AREA OF POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
POPULATION DISTRIBUTIONS
- RANDOM
- REGULAR/UNIFORM
- CLUMPED
a type of population distribution where in each individual’s position is independent of the others
random
type of population distribution where in it has antagonistic interactions
regular/uniform
type of population distribution where in individuals occur in groups
clumped
which is the number of
individuals per unit of available living space.
ecological density
density measured simply as the number of individuals per unit area
crude density
Methods for Determining Density
1.Quadrat method
2.Mark-recapture
3.indices of abundance
4. lincoln-petersen index
used for plants and sessile
animals
quadtrat method
used for mobile animals
mark-recapture
methods include
detection of the presence of organisms rather
than direct counts ( Vocalizations, Heard,
Recording of calls, count of animal scat and
Animal tracks )
Indices of abundance
simplest single mark
recapture method
Lincoln-Petersen index
___________ is random
sampling
________do not tell us anything
abundance
measures of population structure
age, developmental age, and size
it is restricted to a certain age
reproduction
Three ecologically important age classes or
stages:
Prereproductive, reproductive and
postreproductive
the movement of individuals in space
dispersal
reason for dispersal
- Crowding
- Temperature change
- Quality and abundance of food
- Photoperiod
move out
emigration
move in another location
immigration
roundtrip
migration
reproduce then die
semelparity
reproduction is repetetive
iteroparity
refers to how the number of
individuals in a population increases or
decreases over time
population growth
reflects the difference
between rates of Birth and death
population growth
characteristics of
populations inhabiting favorable conditions with
low densities
exponential growth
as resources are depleted
population growth rate slows and eventually
stops
logistic growth
provide a Schedule of age-Specific
mortality and Survival
life tables
a group of individuals born in
the same period of time.
cohort
approach
constructs a cohort from individuals born over
several time periods instead of just one
cohort/dynamic life table
This approach does not
involve following a single or group of cohorts,
but rather it is constructed by sampling the
population in some manner to obtain a
distribution of age classes during a single time
period.
time-specific life table
type of stochasticity where in random variations in BIRTHRATE and deathrates from year to year
demographic stochasticity
type of stochasticity where is random variations in the ENVIRONMENT
environmental stochasticity
structure
distribution
density
proportion of age classes
dynamics
birth
death
migration
