eco 10 Flashcards
the measure of fitness.
reproductive success
Organisms have limited resources that must be allocated to various tasks, including reproduction and growth. Allocating resources to one task reduces availability for others.
resource allocation
trade offs in reproduction
- age at reproduction
- allocation to reproduction
- number and size of eggs, young or seeds
- timing of reproduction
physical environments, competitors
extrinsic factors
relating to phylogeny, patterns of development, genetics and physiology
intrinsic fators
Involves two diploid individuals producing haploid gametes (egg and sperm) that combine to form a diploid zygote, leading to genetic variability.
sexual reproduction
Produces genetically identical offspring without gametes.
asexual reproduction
Have separate male and female individuals.
Dioecious plants
Possess both male and female organs, allowing for self-fertilization and colonization of new habitats.
hermaphroditic plants
Some species change sex based on environmental or social factors
sequential hermaphroditism
Defined as the number of offspring produced per unit of time.
fecundity
Allocation to reproduction impacts growth and future fecundity.
trade-offs
species reproduce multiple times
iteroparous
invest all energy in one reproductive event.
semelparous/ semelparity
The pattern of mating be
tween males and females in a population is called the mating
system
mating system
which involves
the formation of a lasting pair bond between one male and
one female,
monogamy
, in which males and females mate
with one or many of the opposite sex and form no pair bond
promiscuity
(cross
fertilization in which pollen from one individual fertilizes the
ovum of another
outcrossing
(self-fertilization
autogamy
is the acquisition of two or more mates by
one individual
Polygamy
, an individual male pairs
with two or more females.
polygyny
, an individual female
pairs with two or more males.
polyandry
involves male-to-male (or in some
cases, female-to-female) competition for the opportunity to
mate.
Intrasexual selection
involves the differential attractive
ness of individuals of one sex to another
Intersexual selection
A female exhibits two major approaches in choosing a mate.
- exaggerated plumage or displays that are indirectly related to the health and quality of the male as a mate
- the availability of resources such as habitat or
food that improve fitness.
These
three phases of population growth are the central components
of what human demographers—ecologists who study the hu
man population—refer to as the
demographic transition.
