Ecological transition as a system transition Flashcards

1
Q

Term: Co-benefits

A

Co-benefits of transitioning to clean, renewable energy:

  • Reduction of climate damages
  • Massive air-pollution health damage prevention
  • Enhanced energy security
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2
Q

Term: Should we employ only carbon pricing?

A

Considerations regarding carbon pricing:

  • Static-cost effectiveness: Equating marginal abatement costs across all options and agents for emission reduction.
  • Managing without uniform pricing: Risk of free-riding and carbon leakage due to fragmented international climate policy landscape.
  • Tailored policies: Local and sectoral contexts may require specific policies to address lock-in and promote innovation.
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3
Q

Term: Lock-ins in the transition

A

Challenges related to lock-ins and transition:

  • Ongoing investments in carbon-intensive infrastructures hinder alignment with decarbonization pathways.
  • Political difficulty and cost of retiring existing investments.
  • Incremental change through carbon pricing alone is insufficient to achieve low-carbon pathways.
  • Accelerating transitions involves weakening lock-ins and supporting radical innovations.
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4
Q

Term: Promoting green innovation

A

Factors influencing green innovation:

  • R&D investments in energy efficiency, renewables, nuclear, hydrogen, and others.
  • Market failures in underinvestment due to the public good nature of knowledge.
  • Subsidies, patent rules, and technology prizes to incentivize private research.
  • Balancing effectiveness and efficiency in mitigation options.
  • Recognizing the system problem of sociotechnical adjustments in transitioning to a low-carbon society.

> > > Public investments and subsidies for R&D in energy efficiency and mitigation technologies are needed «<

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5
Q

Term: Timeline for an energy transition to 100% renewable

A

Feasibility and practicality of transitioning to 100% renewable energy:

  • 80% transition by 2030, 100% between 2035 and 2050.
  • Varied transition speeds for different technologies.
  • Early retirement of existing infrastructure.
  • Development of electric grids to manage dispersed generation.
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6
Q

Term: Fuel Cell

A

Definition and applications of fuel cells:

Convert chemical energy into electricity using fuel and oxidizing agent.
Power commercial, industrial, residential buildings, vehicles, and submarines.

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7
Q

Term: Heat Pump

A

Definition and advantages of heat pumps:

  • Use electricity to transfer heat from a cool space to a warm space.
  • More energy-efficient than other heating methods.
  • Low carbon footprint when powered by solar panels.
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8
Q

Term: Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE)

A

Definition of LCOE:

  • Measure comparing different electricity generation methods.
  • Represents the average total cost to build and operate a power-generating asset over its lifetime divided by the total energy output of the asset.
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9
Q

Write about the development in levelized cost of electricity based on this picture

A
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10
Q

Write about the development in R&D investments based on this picture

A
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11
Q

Term: Effectiveness, not only efficiency

A
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12
Q

Term: market failure versus system problem

A
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