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BIOL 215 > Ecological Genetics > Flashcards

Ecological Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is ecological genetics/genomics?

A
  • the study of genetic/phenotypic variability in natural populations of plants and animals and the relationship to ecological processes
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2
Q

oikos

A

house, a place to live

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3
Q

_____ is to _____ as physics is to engineering

A

ecology, environmental science

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4
Q

what is deep ecology

A

totality of all ecosystems

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5
Q

what is community ecology

A

all the species of plants and animals living in same place at the same time

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6
Q

what is population ecology

A

group of conspecific indviduals living in same place at the same time

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7
Q

T/F: variability within natural populations is uncommon

A

false, variability is the norm

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8
Q

what does a monomorphic population mean?

A

all individuals are homozygous (aa, both alleles are the same)

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9
Q

what does a polymorphic population mean

A

if there are two or more alleles in a population (ab), an individual is a heterozygote

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10
Q

what does genetic variability originate with?

A

a mutation - point and chromosomal which leads to a different allele

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11
Q

what % of loci per individual are polymorphic?

A

5-15%

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12
Q

roughly how many genes does an individual have?

A

20,000 genes / individual

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13
Q

can a locus gene have many alleles?

A

yes, can have many within a population (a,b,c,e, etc) but each individual can have a max of 2 for a diploid species

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14
Q

how does genetic variability relate to population size?

A

little genetic variability in small populations, as population size increases so does variability

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15
Q

describe the drosophila genetic variability graph

A

as the population size increases, even after 500 generations 80% of the heterozygous alleles are still present, with a low now inbred species cause the variability to die out

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16
Q

what does inbreeding lead to

A

juvenile mortality

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17
Q

what did the paper find about sea lions?

A

more animals that were sick had a higher parental relatedness (homozygosity)

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18
Q

what did the study on drosophila measure?

A

the amount of variation remaining in the population over time in relation to the original population size

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19
Q

what was the approx fraction of initial genetic variation after 500 generations when (dros study)…
N= 1000
N= 300
N= 100
N= 20

A
  • 0.85
  • 0.45
  • 0.15
  • 0.00 (extinct after 200 generations)
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20
Q

what happened to rocky mountain bighorn sheep after 50 years?

A

went extinct due to homozygosity, unable to cope with pathogens, parasites, disease and led to death

21
Q

what is the min population size to maintain genetic variability in isolated populations?

A

2500

22
Q

T/F: increased numbers of individuals results in increased inbreeding

A

false - reduced numbers of individuals result in increased inbreeding

23
Q

does inbreeding influence the response of california sea lions to different pathogens in the wild?

A

yes, increased homozygosity leads to increased pathogen related death

24
Q

what is the minimum viable population (MVP)

A

the population must retain 90% of variability of 200 years. MVP depends on habitat area and species requirements. MVP for an isolated population is ~2500

25
Q

what is minimum viable area (MVA)

A

minimum land required to retain 90% genetic variability over 200 years

26
Q

population size is dependent on

A

area of habitat

27
Q

how big is the most common park size?

A

15km^2

28
Q

large carnivores require how much km^2?

A

~100,000km^2, no parks are that large. small amount of immigration can allow populations to survive in areas >MVA

29
Q

how can variability still persist in park populations

A

immigration

30
Q

what does small amount of migration per generation from other populations allow for

A

persistence of genetic variability and increased survivial

31
Q

what # of immigrants per generation was needed to maintain 90% genetic variability after 100 generations in drosophila?

A

2

32
Q

what is natural selection

A

non-random and differential reproduction of genotypes resulting in preservation of favourable variants

33
Q

what is an example of natural selection

A

genotype AB has higher survivorship or higher reproductive output than genotype AA

34
Q

what is adaptation

A

any physiological, morphological, or behavioural modification that enhances survival and reproductive success of an organism

35
Q

Reimchen did a study on snails. there where two phenotypes, a yellow snail and a brown snail. looking down, it was very difficult to see the brown snail but the yellow one stood out, making it easy for predators to see. why did both phenotypes persist?

A

the yellow snail could not be seen from below, and the brown one stood out

36
Q

what are 2 ways evolution can be described

A
  1. serial change over time
  2. descent with modifcation
37
Q

what is anagenesis?

A

a type of evolution, gradual change over time. Does not lead to species diversity, leads to adaptation

38
Q

what does anagenesis lead to

A

adaptation

39
Q

what is cladogenesis?

A

a type of evolution, the branching of lineages and formation of new species. leads to the formation of a new species

40
Q

what does cladogenesis lead to?

A

the formation of a new species

41
Q

what does cladogenesis usually occur with?

A

geographical or genetic isolation

42
Q

what is the KT boundary?

A

something that happened ~65 mill years ago. Killed about 3/4 of earths animals and is what caused dinosaurs to become extinct. Between the age of reptiles and the age of mammals

43
Q

precambian

A

first hard bodied fossil deposits, occurred 4600 million years ago

44
Q

paleozoic

A

first fossils from hard shells marks beginning (540 million years ago). first hard body fossil deposits

45
Q

mesozoic

A

age of reptiles, 250 million years ago

46
Q

cenozoic

A

age of mammals, 65 million years ago

47
Q

earliest life

A

3500-4000 million years ago

48
Q

what is the estimate of total species on earth?

A

8-100 million

BIOL 215 (10 decks)

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