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BIOL 215 > Conversation Eco > Flashcards

Conversation Eco Flashcards

1
Q

1600-1800

A

european hunting preserves for the monarchies

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2
Q

1800-1830: Alexander von Humboldt

A

German naturalist scientist,
conservationist, biogeography, explorer, scholar, writer (Cosmos) -major influence on 19th and 20th century science, exploration, political systems,
conservation

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3
Q

1800-1830:

A

-extensive exploration in South and North America
-first to propose a link between human activities and
climate change
-probably as influential as Charles Darwin

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4
Q

1830-1865: George Perkins Marsh

A

American naturalist/conservationist
‘ Man and Nature’—1863: resulted in protection of intact forests in the US.

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5
Q

1830-1865: Henry david thorea

A

American naturalist/philosopher
-advocated protection for the intrinsic value of nature rather than its usefulness to humans

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6
Q

1863:

A

alfred wallace

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7
Q

1864:

A

Yosemite Valley (California) protected as a Park by Abraham Lincoln

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8
Q

1872:

A

Yellowstone established as a Park

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9
Q

1875:

A

concept of Biosphere developed by the Austrian Suess

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10
Q

1885:

A

Banff National Park established

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11
Q

1907:

A

Jasper National Park established

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12
Q

1917:

A

Mount McKinley National Park

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13
Q

1948:

A

Establishment of the ‘World Conservation Union’
-became ‘International Union for the Protection of Nature’ (IUCN) 181 countries

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14
Q

1948:

A

aldo leopold

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15
Q

1951:

A

Serengeti Park

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16
Q

1962:

A

Silent Spring’ by Rachel Carson

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17
Q

1968:

A

The Population Bomb’ by Paul Ehrlich

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18
Q

1968:

A

The first color photo of earth from the moon

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19
Q

1969:

A

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)

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20
Q

1970:

A

April 22- first ‘Earth Day’ - first national US campaign supported by
all political and economic layers

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21
Q

what did the first earth day lead to?

A

creation of the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the passage of
the Clean Air, Clean Water, and Endangered Species Acts.’… became a global campaign by the
end of the year

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22
Q

1972:

A

first Landsat satellite- global coverage of land use, primary
production, health of vegetation, droughts, fires, deforestation…
…currently 75 earth-monitoring satellites in orbit

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23
Q

1975:

A

CITES- Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

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24
Q

1988:

A

Intergovernmental panel on Climate Change (IPCC)- scientific view
of climate change…..currently the major agency for assessing global trends

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25
Q

1992:

A
  • The Diversity of Life by E.O. Wilson (Chap 12)
  • ecological footprint
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26
Q

ecological foot print

A
  • developed by William Rees at UBC, 1992
  • Allows individuals to assess their personal impact on the planet
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27
Q

what is CITES

A
  • convention of international trade in endangered species
  • finding out what species are threatened/endangered
  • fine/shut down airlines transporting them
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28
Q

how many plant and animal species does CITE take into account for?

A

5,000 animals, 28,000 plants

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29
Q

how many categories does CITE have?

A

3, appendices 1,2,3

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30
Q

what is appendix 1?

A

threatened with extinction. Permits required
ex. tiger, leopard, jaguar, cheetah, chimpanzee, gorilla, red panda, Asiatic elephant

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31
Q

what is appendix 2

A

Not threatened but vulnerable. No permits required
ex. Great white shark, African grey parrot, green iguana, Bigleaf mahogany

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32
Q

what is appendix 3?

A

legal trade with restrictions

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33
Q

what questions are asked for determining food ecological foot print?

A
  1. how often do you eat animal based products?
  2. how much of the food you eat is processed packaged and imported?
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34
Q

what questions are asked for determining shelter foot print?

A
  1. how many people live in your household?
  2. what is the size of your home?
  3. which house type best describes your home?
  4. do you have electricity?
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35
Q

what is the average ecological footprint?

A

in canada is 8.8 global hectares per person

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36
Q

what is the earths biocapacity

A

2.1 hectares per person

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37
Q

projected earth population in 2100 (if growth rate same as 2011, 2 child fams, 1 child fams)

A

2011 growth rate: 18.5 billion

2 child fam: 8.7 billion

1 child fam: 1.4 billion

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38
Q

1997:

A

kyoto protocol

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39
Q

kyoto protocol

A
  • objective: reduce rate of global warming by limiting release of greenhouse gases
  • first implementation period 2008-2012 - each country had to agree on a certain reduction in greenhouse gases
  • 2nd commitment period: DOHA ammendment
  • 2nd commitment period: DOHA ammendment (2012-2020)
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40
Q

what agreement did canada sign in 2009

A

Copenhagen agreement

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41
Q

what is the copenhagen agreement

A
  • a NON-BINDING agreement for canada to reduce greenhouse gases by 17% 2005 levels by 2020
  • canada did not reduce their greenhouse gases, said it would reduce them by 30% in 2030
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42
Q

2015:

A

Paris agreement: aimed at limiting global warming to less than 2oC, and
pursue efforts to limit the rise to 1.5oC.
-194 countries signed (US withdraws 2019)

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43
Q

2021:

A

COP26

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44
Q

what are the 6 protected area categories IUCN?

A
  1. strict nature reserve/wilderness area
  2. national and provincial parks: mainly for ecosystem protection and recreation
  3. national monument: for protection of specific natural features (world heritage sites)
  4. habitat/species management area (introduced species removal) – bringing this space back to original space
  5. protected landscape/seascape: orca pass international stewardship area??
  6. sustainable use of natural ecosystem - could not build city here… crown land (resources extracted)
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45
Q

IUCN defines a protected area as:

A

An area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection and
maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural
resources, and managed through legal or other effective means

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46
Q

how many km2 are protected?

A

25 million km2

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47
Q

what country has the greatest % of protected area

A

Seychelles (94% protected)

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48
Q

what category has the most protected area

A

2 then 6

national/provincial parks
managed resource protected area

49
Q

number of countries involved with IUCN now

  • what is the average protected land in each country?
A

169, average of 8.5% of protected land in each country

50
Q

what kind of countries have low % of protected areas?

A

Canada (11%)
USA (13%)

51
Q

how many areas are protected in BC?

A

> 1000 protected areas

52
Q

South Moresby campaign (1975-1985)

A

campaign to terminate logging and mining
- 1980: support by Haida Gwaii (eventual support by prov and fed govnment - 2010)

53
Q

how is the government website deceiving?

A
  • 167 new protected areas totaling over 2.7 million hectares created
  • BUT over 60% of this area is subalpine or alpine
  • Of the 100 terrestrial protected ecosection in BC 34 (most) have 0-1% of area protected
  • 27 (mainly mountaintops) have 12% protected
54
Q

how much mid elevation growth and old growth forests are protected in canada

A

11% of the mid elevation growth protected

  • of this growth only 3% of old growth protected
55
Q

what percentage of BC is forested and what percentage of this is dedicated to commercial forest use?

A

56% forested
24% dedicated to commercial forest use
80% of forests have not been harvested but most will be

56
Q

Major IUCN concerns

A
  1. paper parks
  2. design shortcomings
  3. internal threats to protected areas
  4. external threats
  5. trans international boundary effects
  6. financing protected areas
57
Q

paper parks

A

park names exist on maps but with no
implementation/enforcement

58
Q

design shortcomings

A

areas where no industries/political practices are
a) small areas not enough for carnivores to live (n = 2500 and 100,000 km2) for carnivore persistence
b) position: largest areas lowest diversity (60% mountaintop)

59
Q

internal threats

A

infringement, poaching, fires, dz, groundwater reduction, invasive species, highways

60
Q

what is happening to the sumatran rhino

A
  • brink of extinction due to poachers and loggers
  • extinct in 40 years
  • poachers say they are hunting deer but going after endangered animals
61
Q

how many poaching violations are happening in yellowstone/y

A

5000
~4000 large mammals killed on highways
- 3800 ungulates
- 200 large carnivores (mostly blackbears and wolves)

62
Q

external threats

A

outside the influence of management or control
-headwater effects, dams, atmospheric (acid rain), climate change, biocides, pathogens, invasive species

63
Q

trans international boundary effects

A

migration corridors (animals traveling from summer to winter habitats)

64
Q

1970-1980:

A

international implementation of marine areas that excluded commercial extraction of fish (No-take Zones)

65
Q

benefits of marine protected areas

A
  1. increased fish abundance
  2. increase presence of larger fish, exponential increase in reproductive output
  3. increase species diversity
  4. recovery of competitors, biodiversity and ecosystem processes
66
Q

what is the distribution of no take zones?

A

16,800 MPAs
1042 no-take zones
2.7% no-take zone

67
Q

re-definition of marine protected areas in 1990’s

A

intertidal or subtital terrain and associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural features which has been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of enclosed environment

commercial fishing now allowed in most MPA’s :(
most MPA’s are about fishing management not conservation

68
Q

what are no-take zones now called

A

marine reserves

  • now a subcategory of MPA
69
Q

IUCN global protection of terrestrial

A

15% of total land area protected

70
Q

IUCN global protection of marine

A

~3% protected as a no take zone

71
Q

approaches to conversation ecology

A

A) studies of fragmented areas
B) critical habitat approach
C) identifying biodiversity hotspots
D) identifying endemic species
E) park design
F) restoration ecology

72
Q

What is MVP and MVA

A

MVP: minimal viable population to maintain 90% of genetic variability over 200 years

MVA: minimum viable area to maintain genetic variability after 200 yrs

73
Q

there is ____ genetic variability within ___ populations

A

little, small

74
Q

graph with heterozygosity and population size

A

linear
- as population size increases, heterozygosity increases

75
Q

what happens when looking at survivorship of newborn zoo mammals?

A

-reduced numbers of individuals results in increased inbreeding
-increased inbreeding leads to increased homozygosity (reduced heterozygosity)
-increased homozygosity leads to increased juvenile mortality

76
Q

individual heterozygosity abstract: _____ is an indicator of the likelihood of a translocated individuals survival

A

heterozygosity

77
Q

what kind of populations have little genetic variability?

A

small populations

78
Q

influence of reserve size on populations: mva for large carnivores?

A

100,000km2

79
Q

what is the combined area of jasper, banff, calcier, yoho and waterton?

A

20,000 km2

80
Q

what is the area khutzeymateen grizzly bear sanctuary

A

450 km2

81
Q

what are the probability’s and years of extinction after for the different categories

A

safe: 10% of extinction in 100 years
vulnerable: 20% of extinction in 20 years
endangered: 50% of extinction in 10 years

critically endangered: over 50% of extinction in 10 years

82
Q

what is the probability of extinction of birds, mammals, and amphibians

A

12% of birds
20% of mammals
32% of amphibians

83
Q

critical habitat approach

A
  • forest age structure
  • nesting trees (snags)
  • nutrient pulses (salmon)
84
Q

critical habitat

A

the habitat required for species recovery and persistence

85
Q

age structure of trees

A

diversity of birds, fungi etc scales with the age structure of trees
- e.g. important that owls live in old growth

86
Q

why are snags important

A

wildlife trees, nesting trees
- Critical habitat!! the diversity of species is correlated with the # of dead snags

87
Q

what are biodiversity hotspots

A

areas with high species diversity
- areas with high density of individuals within a species

88
Q

2 biodiversity hotspot examples

A

monarch butterflies (logged)
- green turtles swimming all the way to atlantic to lay eggs from africa

89
Q

what species does triangle island have thats high biodiversity

A

largest seabird colony in BC
- largest auklet colony in the world

90
Q

hotspots

A

18 hotspots together make up 20% of the plant species in 0.5% of the earths surface!

91
Q

what is an endemic species

A
  • species unique to an area
  • occur in all countries and all ecosystems
  • most common on large islands furthest away from continents

AS EXTINCTION DECREASES AND ISOLATION INCREASES (IMMIGRATION DECREASES) AND AREA INCREASES SPECIATION INCREASES!

92
Q

park design

A
  • size, number and shape
93
Q

single large or several small (SLOSS) park design

A

study said several small because they could contain habitats of only high quality

94
Q

what shape is best for this?

A

circle

less edge per SA
depends on species though, if they lived in mountain range or coastline may not want to live in circular area

95
Q

what shape would you want if there was a lot of pathogens?

A
  • linear
96
Q

benefit of a triangular plot?

A

same thing with pathogens, sometimes good to have some isolation

97
Q

when is it good to have large reserves and when is it good to have smaller reserves (park design)

A

large reserves- landscape subjected to forestry for the first time

small reserves - in a highly fragmented forested landscape

98
Q

different categories of park design

A

single large or several small (SLOSS)
shape
position
corridors

99
Q

how to resolve the SLOSS debate

A

increase overlapping to stop creating habitat “islands”

  • fewer large reserves are better
100
Q

restoration ecology subcategories

A

identical critical issues in restoration?
reconstruction of degraded habitats to pre-disturbance state
reintroduction of recently extinct populations
removal of exotic species
augumentation of ecosystem processes (bird cell phone tower)
the longterm persistence of human society and environmental processes thru ecological management

101
Q

pros and cons of dams. dam removal trends

A

pros: important as green source of power
con: expense of a lot of aquatic ecosystem
- a lot of dams are now getting removed

102
Q

wolf, coyote, vole study

A

more voles within 3 km of wolf den

  • wolves scare away coyotes that eat the voles
  • restoration of wolves could be a tool for regulating predation at lower trophic levels
103
Q

where is invasive alien species especially a problem and what are the major invadors

A

islands

  • cats, dogs, pigs, rats
104
Q

Augmentation of ecosystem processes

A

-identifying and correcting sources of biodiversity loss to allow
ecosystem recovery

105
Q

invasive species definition

A

species that are not native to the province or outside their natural distribution, and can negatively impact BC’s environment, people and/or economy

106
Q

possible fixes for global warmin

A

carbon credits
hydroelectricity
nuclear power
photovolaics
wind
geothermal
new technofixes

107
Q

what are carbon credits

A
  • credit of currency for reducing output of greenhouse gases
  • give monetary value to the cost of polluting air
    1 credit = 1 ton oc CO2
108
Q

hydroelectricity pros

A

high ecological impact
low cost
few carbon emissions
damns

109
Q

nuclear power pros and cons

A

pros: unlimited potential, no carbon emissions
cons: cost, high risk (weapon, ecological and health)

fission and fusion

fusion: 2 nuclei come together to produce a lot of energy
fusion: break apart an unstable nucleus

110
Q

photovoltaics

A
  • conservation of light into electricity (using semiconducting materials)
  • use is growing each year
111
Q

pros and cons of photovolatics

A

pros: no carbon emissions, high potential, low risk

112
Q

wind pros

A

high potential, low risk
- worldwide electricity gen

113
Q

what country (and what % of it is powered) uses wind the most

A

spain
50% of country powered by wind

most of the world powered by china and US

114
Q

geothermal pros

A
  • high potential globally
  • internal heat generated and stored in the earth
  • drilling large hole and extracting water
115
Q

iceland and geothermal electricity

A

26% geothermal electricity
-74% hydro electricity
-85% of all houses are heated geothermally

116
Q

new-technofixes example

A

solar-hydrogen economy

117
Q

solar hydrogen economy pros

A

high potential, low risk

118
Q

what is the solar-hydrogen economy?

A
  • solar panels that dissociate water to hydrogen and oxygen
  • used to generate electricity during nightime!!
  • during day photovolitics power home
  • excess energy is used to split water into H and O for storage
  • at night these are recombined in a fuel cell to produce electricity while un cant

BIOL 215 (10 decks)

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