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BIOL 215 > Community Ecology > Flashcards

Community Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

ecological succession

A

the sequential change in species composition of the community over time

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2
Q

what are the two types of ecological succession?

A
  • primary succession
  • secondary succession
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3
Q

what is primary succession?

A

initial establishment of plant and animal communities on substrates lacking living organisms

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4
Q

examples of where primary succession occurs?

A

bare rock, lava, sand dunes, glacial melt water pond, rainwater

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5
Q

why is alder the first species to grow after a landslide?

A

rock is nutrient-deficient, alder has nitrogen-fixing bacteria (hemlock do not) and can survive on the rocks.

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6
Q

what type of plants can colonize rock after a landslide?

A

plants with nitrogen-fixing bacteria can colonize just rock

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7
Q

what is secondary succession?

A

change of an established community
-> change in a preexisting community

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8
Q

secondary succession: ponds and lakes accumulate _____, _____, ____, and get ______

A
  • sediment, pollen, leaves
  • shallower and smaller over time
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9
Q

secondary succession: reeds, grasses and herbs develop on

A

shoreline

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10
Q

in ecological succession, each sequential community is called a ______

A

seral stage

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11
Q

_______ seral stages last longer than _____

A

successive, previous stages

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12
Q

pollen has a ______

A

low decomposition

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13
Q

it is possible to identify ______ taken from core

A

pollen species

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14
Q

it is possible to estimate geographical age when plants died using _______

A

radiocarbon dating

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15
Q

what are carbons three main isotopes?

A

C12
C13
C14

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16
Q

C14 has a half life of ____ and decays to ______

A

5730 years, N14

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17
Q

T/F: seral stages are well-defined by ecologists

A

false, depends on what you are interested in, even then it is pretty loose.

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18
Q

how do we determine the hx of vegetation in secondary successive ecosystems?

A

pipe in ground (sediment cores)
- used to reconstruct vegetation hx
- when they find that C14 decayed to N14, that is their estimates for when the plants died
- can take the DNA of this plant and animal species

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19
Q

ancient DNa reveal late survival of mammoth and horse in interior Alaska: what kind of DNa used?

A

sedaDNA - DNA from securely dated sediments

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20
Q

explain the mammoth study:

A

found that mammoths lived until 10,500 BP, several thousand years later than indicated from macrofossil surveys.
- mammoth and horse survival overlap with humans
- contradicts the findings that extinction was due to extraterrestrial impact in late pleistocene

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21
Q

put these in the correct order: bare ground, climax, pioneer seral stage, primary succession, serial stage, secondary succession

A

bare ground, primary succession, pioneer seral stage, serial stages, secondary succession, climax

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22
Q

T/F: disturbance resets ecological succession back to the bare-ground stages

A

false, sets it back to any stage

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23
Q

what are examples of disturbances that would set ecological succession back?

A

fires, melting glaciers, etc

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24
Q

what is allogenic succession?

A

abiotic disturbances, such as fire, earthquakes, volcano (pushes back to earlier state)

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25
Q

what is autogenic succession?

A

biotic disturbances such as deaver ben

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26
Q

why is old growth important?

A

more biodiversity

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27
Q

in the summer after clear cutting, diversity is very _____, it then _____ before _______

A

high, plummets, increasing

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28
Q

immediately after clear-cutting, there are many _____, which means _____ is very _____. this is followed by a long period of _____

A

small shrubs (and small animals), diveristy, high, low diversity

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29
Q

in the winter after clearcutting, species ____ is very _____ for a long time. there is no _____ to _____ a winter _____

A

diveristy, low, old growth, support, habitat

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30
Q

diversity after clear-cutting is _______ dependent

A

season

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31
Q

after cleatcutting, biomass _____ immediately, then ____ to _____

A

drops, increases, aggradtation

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32
Q

aggradation

A

accumulation of sediment

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33
Q

total biomass peaks at _____, then ____ during the _____, before reaching a ready state

A

aggradation, decreases, transition

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34
Q

what causes total biomass to decrease during transition?

A

soil community

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35
Q

the soil community ____ after cleatcutting, then gradually ____ during aggradation. it is ____ once the community _____ because there is _____

A

dies, accumulates, lessened, stabilizes, less decomposition

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36
Q

soil is built by…

A

decomposition

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37
Q

how long to tropical regions such as Krakatau take to recover from primary succession to tropic forest?

A

100 years

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38
Q

how long would it take coastal bc rainforest to recover

A
  • 1000 yrs for insect community
  • 100 yrs for trees
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39
Q

how long would it take the arctic to reach late seral stages?

A

~10,000 yrs bcuz it is still changing

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40
Q

rate of succession is correlated to ____

A

temp and rainful
-> warm, wet habitat succession is fast
-> cool ,dry habitat succession is slow

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41
Q

what are the 4 ecological mechanisms for succession?

A
  1. stochastic events
  2. facilitation
  3. inhibition
  4. tolerance
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42
Q

stochastic events

A

largely unpredictable
- who gets there first can become established (by chance), major process in early seral stages

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43
Q

which ecological mechanism is most important in early seral stages?

A

stochastic events

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44
Q

facilitation

A

a species creates conditions favorable for a succeeding species but not itself
- eg. clover facilitates colonization of another species at the expense of itself (trees cover)
- leads to regular, sequential shift in species (assembly rules)
- major process in early seral stages

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45
Q

facilitation example

A
  1. predators cannot colonize successfully unless prey are already present
  2. pollinators cannot colonize successfully unless flowering plants are present
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46
Q

facilitation is ____, while stochastic events are ____

A

regular, unpredictable

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47
Q

facilitation events lead to reguar and sequential shifts in species, “______”

A

assembly rules

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48
Q

assembly rules example

A

predators cannot colonize successfully until prey are already present

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49
Q

inhibition

A

a species inhibits the colonization of subsequent colonists
- eg allelopathy: chemical inhibition (coral reefs), competitive exclusion

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50
Q

in inhibition, a species slows ____ and prolongs the ______

A

succession, seral stage

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51
Q

allelopathy

A

the production of chemicals by plants that inhibit the growth of neighboring plants

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52
Q

allelopathy is an example of____, it is common in ______

A

inhibition, plant communities (or coral reefs)

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53
Q

competitive exlcusion is an example of _____, it is common in _____

A

inhibition, intertidal communities

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54
Q

tolerance

A

members of a seral stage are those that co-exist due to the use of different resources
- combines facilitation and inhibition into a co-evolutionary view of succession

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55
Q

tolerance combines ____ and ____ into a _____ view of succession

A

facilitation, inhibition, co-evolutionary

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56
Q

‘the ghost of competition past’ refers to present _____

A

tolerance of species

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57
Q

species ____ among seral stages

A

change

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58
Q

in early seral stages:
_____ seed dispersal
_____ plant efficiency at low light
_____resource (nutrient) acquisition

A

good, low, fast

59
Q

in late seral stages:
_____ seed dispersal
_____ plant efficiency at low light
_____resource (nutrient) acquisition

A

poor, high, slow

60
Q

in early seral stages:
_____ biomass
_____ stability
_____ diversity

A

small, low, low

61
Q

in late seral stages:
_____ biomass
_____ stability
_____ diversity

A

large, high, high

62
Q

in early seral stages:
_____ species life history
_____ seed dispersal vector
_____ seed longevity
_____ shoot to root ratio

A

r, wind, long, high

63
Q

in late seral stages:
_____ species life history
_____ seed dispersal vector
_____ seed longevity
_____ shoot to root ratio

A

k, animals, short, low

64
Q

shoot to root ratio high vs. low seral stage

A

high in early, low in late stages

65
Q

trophic levels

A

the sequence of steps in a food chain or pyramid

66
Q

what are the 4 trophic levels?

A
  • primary producer
  • primary consumer
  • secondary consumer
  • tertiary consumer
67
Q

what is the problem w trophic chain?

A

over simplified

68
Q

a food web has many “_____’

A

chains

69
Q

a food web has numerous ‘_______”

A

connections between chains

70
Q

mean chain length

A

mean number of links running from a primary producer to each of the top predators

71
Q

connectance

A

actual number of links in a food web divided by the total number of possible links

72
Q

if a community has n species, then the total number of possible links (N) is:

A

N= n(n-1)/2

73
Q

connectance equation

A

C=L/N

74
Q

what is L?

A

actual number of links

75
Q

linkage diversity

A

the average number of links per species
- total number of links divided by the total number of species

76
Q

equation for linkage diversity

A

LD = L/n

77
Q

how many types of trophic pyramids are there?

A

3

78
Q

what kinds of trophic pyramids are theree

A

numbers, biomass, energy

79
Q

umbrella (indicator) species

A

a species used for conservation decisions (grizzly bear, panada, spotted owl)

80
Q

dominant species

A

a common species with an effect proportional to its biomass

81
Q

zooplankton is a ____ species, while grizzly bears are a ____ species.

A

dominant, umbrella

82
Q

keystone species

A

a species with an effect on the community that is disproportional to its biomass

83
Q

examples of keystone species

A

sea otter, starfish

84
Q

T/F: dominant, umbrella and keystone species never overlap

A

false, sometimes they do

85
Q

where would 1. keystones and 2. dominants be located (below line/above line, top/bottom)

A

above line top, below line top

86
Q

marine and terrestrial ecosystems: what is it called when nutrients move from terrestrial ecosystems to marine ecosystems?

A

downloading

87
Q

marine and terrestrial ecosystems: what is it called when nutrients are moved from marine to terrestrial ecosystems?

A

uploading

88
Q

how are nutrients downloaded to marine ecosystems?

A

rivers

89
Q

how are nutrients uploaded to terrestrial ecosystems?

A

seabird guano

90
Q

downloading leads to increased _____ in estuaries and _____ marine waters

A

primary productivity, adjacent

91
Q

rivers discharge _____ to marine waters via downloading

A

sediment, trace elements, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphates

92
Q

oligotrophic means

A

low productivity

93
Q

clear and deep mountain lakes:

A
  • oligotrophic
  • N and P limited
  • low plankton abundance
  • usually few fish
94
Q

migration of salmon greatly ____ of lakes and streams

A

increase primary productivity

95
Q

why do clear/deep mountain lakes have few living things in them?

A

no trace elements

96
Q

productivity of lakes are proportional to amount of…..

A

dead salmon that drift back

97
Q

increase in _____ to abundance of salmon carcasses

A

productivity proportional

98
Q

riparian zone

A

forest habitat adjacent to stream that is influenced by stream parameters

99
Q

what are stream parameters?

A

flooding, nutrients

100
Q

roughly what percent of salmon carcasses transferred by black bears into riparian zone at Bay Harbour were male?

A

33%

101
Q

roughly what percent of salmon carcasses transferred by black bears into riparian zone at Bay Harbour were female?

A

66%

102
Q

what part of the female salmon do bears like best?

A

eggs

103
Q

what part of male salmon do bears dislike?

A

testes

104
Q

during the day, bears mostly eat

A

females

105
Q

at night, bears eat mostly

A

whatever sex they can catch

106
Q

how do bears discriminate between salmon?

A

smell

107
Q

productive condition of salmon captured by bears: average male salmon….

A

spawned 5-8 times before capture

108
Q

productive condition of salmon captured by bears: female salmon…

A

70% were spawned out

109
Q

most of the predation is on _____ salmon. therefore bear predation has a ____ on the reproduction of salmon

A

post-reproductive, minor effects

110
Q

flow of salmon biomass: birds, sea lions, and seal eat salmon in _____

A

estuaries

111
Q

flow of salmon biomass: bears, eagles, crows and insects eat salmon in _____

A

streams

112
Q

flow of salmon biomass: marine invertebrates scavengers eat salmon that have

A

floated downstream

113
Q

flow of salmon biomass: bears, small carnivores such as mink and insects eat salmon on the

A

forest floor

114
Q

explain how salmon feed spring birds

A

insects lay eggs in salmon, hatch in spring, eaten by songbirds

115
Q

nitrogen is a limiting resource for ____ in ____

A

vegetation, coastal forests

116
Q

3& of total mass of salmon tissue is

A

nitrogen

117
Q

salmon carcasses

A

in riparian zones contribute 120kg nitrogen per hectare

118
Q

nitrogen

A
  • 78% of earths atmosphere
  • exists as 2 stable isotopes
119
Q

14N

A

light isotope, 99.3% of total nitrogen (7 protons, 7 neutons)

120
Q

15N

A

heavy isotope, 0.7% total nitrogen, 7 parts per thousand (7 protons, 8 neutrons)
- relative amount in biological systems varies

121
Q

how are isotope ratios measured after the tissues have been collected?

A

washed, dried, and ground into a fine powder for combustion in a mass spectrometer

122
Q

to determine how much of nitrogen is NOT from the atmospheres, we compare _____ _____ of tissues relative to _____ _____

A

isotope values, atmospheric standard

123
Q

list in order of increasing d¹⁵N levels (lowest at top, highest at bottom):
bear
deer
phytoplankton/algae
salmon
small fish
trees/shrubs
wolves
zooplankton

A

trees/shrubs
deer
wolves
phytoplankton/algae
zooplankton
small fish
salmon
bear

124
Q

15N values are higher in ____ waterfalls than ____ water falls

A

plants below, above

125
Q

explain: what do waterfalls have to do with salmon?

A

salmon can’t climb steep waterfalls
therefore salmon are below falls, not above them

126
Q

nitrogen levels can affect

A

community structure

127
Q

certain plants are found in nitrogen-rich soil and others are found in nitrogen-poor soil. what do we call these species?

A

indicator species

128
Q

if salmon can’t get over a waterfall, what kind of plant indicator species would you expect to find above the falls?

A

nitrogen-poor soil indicator plant species

129
Q

if salmon can’t get over a waterfall, what kind of plant indicator species would you expect to find below the falls?

A

nitrogen-rich indicator species

130
Q

up to ____% of nitrogen in riparian plants is derived from salmon nutrients

A

80%

131
Q

T/F: core samples show that the growth rate. of trees is due to the abundance of salmon

A

false

132
Q

T/F: ¹⁵N levels for yearly growth rings show that the growth rate of trees is due to the abundance of salmon

A

true

133
Q

if abundance of salmon affects tree growth, we will see _____ in the δ¹⁵N of trees ____ the spikes in salmon

A

lag, alter

134
Q

how much nitrogen in feathers of songbirds is from salmon?

A

30-95%

135
Q

30-95% of insect diet of winter wren is

A

salmon derived

136
Q

salmon constitute about ___ of ____ diet of wolves

A

20%, fall

137
Q

____ of bears 40x greater on ___ watersheds than on watersheds without ____

A

population density, salmon, salmon

138
Q

___ are the major species that transfer salmon into ___ around the north pacific

A

bears, forests

139
Q

each bear can transfer up to ___ salmon into the forest over a 6 week ____

A

500, spawning period

140
Q

average transfer of ____ carcasses per km per year along ___ of river

A

1000, spawning reaches

141
Q

up to 80% of the ____ in riparian plants come from salmon. this is an example of ____

A

nitrogen, marine-terrestrial ecosystem linkages

142
Q

there is increased primary productivity and species diversity in watersheds with ___ and___

A

salmon, bears

143
Q

salmon are a ____ species

A

dominant

144
Q

bears are a ___ species

A

keystone

BIOL 215 (10 decks)

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