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Feb > ecocide > Flashcards

ecocide Flashcards

1
Q

Which country became the first European nation to recognize ecocide under international law?

A

Belgium

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2
Q

What action did the Belgian Federal Parliament take regarding ecocide?

A

It voted in favor of a revised penal code that makes ecocide punishable at both national and international levels.

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2
Q

Who formed the definition of ecocide in late 2020?

A

The Stop Ecocide Foundation.

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2
Q

When was the definition of ecocide by the Independent Expert Panel given?

A

In June 2021.

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2
Q

When was the Rome Statute adopted and when did it come into force?

A

Adopted on 17 July 1998 and came into force on 1 July 2002.

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3
Q

What is the punishment for individuals under Belgium’s new ecocide law?

A

Up to 20 years in prison.

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3
Q

At which conference was the term “ecocide” coined?

A

The Conference on War and National Responsibility in Washington.

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3
Q

How many countries currently recognize ecocide as a crime, according to the World Economic Forum?

A

12 countries.

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3
Q

Which was the country to put ecocide in law

A

France

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3
Q

What are the four core international crimes established by the Rome Statute?

A

Genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression.

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3
Q

What is the name of Belgium’s bicameral parliament?

A

The Federal Parliament.

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3
Q

How many states are party to the Rome Statute as of February 2024?

A

124 states.

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3
Q

What are the two chambers of the Federal Parliament?

A

In the Palace of the Nation (Palais de la Nation) in Brussels.

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3
Q

What controversial aspect of the U.S. military effort in Southeast Asia occurred between 1961 and 1971?

A

The widespread use of chemical defoliants.

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3
Q

Who submitted a proposal to the United Nations International Law Commission in 2010?

A

Environmental lawyer Polly Higgins.

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3
Q

What are the two main linguistic and cultural regions of Belgium?

A

Flemish (Dutch-speaking) Flanders and French-speaking Wallonia.

3
Q

Who is primarily responsible for domestic environmental legislation in Belgium?

A

The three regional governments: Flanders, Wallonia, and Brussels.

3
Q

Which four international crimes had Belgium already recognized before adding ecocide?

A

Genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression.

3
Q

Where does the Federal Parliament sit?

A

In the Palace of the Nation (Palais de la Nation) in Brussels.

3
Q

Who first coined the term “ecocide”?

A

Professor Arthur W. Galston.

4
Q

What specific herbicide is mentioned as part of the U.S. military efforts?

A

Agent Orange.

4
Q

Who is the current monarch of Belgium?

A

King Philippe.

4
Q

In what year was the term “ecocide” first coined?

A

1970.

4
Q

Who is the current Prime Minister of Belgium?

A

Alexander De Croo.

5
Q

Who provided the definition of ecocide?

A

The Independent Expert Panel for the Legal Definition of Ecocide.

6
Q

In which court case did the court note that certain people were continuing ecocide by removing valuable timbers?

A

Chandra CFS and Terminal Operators Pvt. Ltd. v. The Commissioner of Customs (2015).

7
Q

In which case the court argued that “environmental justice could be achieved only if we drift away from the principle of anthropocentric to ecocentric.”

A

TN Godavarman

8
Q

What did Article x of the International Law Commission (ILC) Draft refer to?

A

26; Intentionally causing “widespread, long-term and severe damage to the natural environment” within the context of war.

9
Q

When was Article 26 removed from the final draft submitted to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court?

A

In 1996.

10
Q

Which countries objected to the inclusion of ecocide in the Rome Statute, leading to its removal?

A

The United Kingdom, France, and the United States.

11
Q

Who popularized the term “ecocide” by accusing the United States at the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment?

A

Olof Palme.

12
Q

What did the UN’s International Law Commission (ILC) consider including in the Draft Code of Crimes Against the Peace and Security of Mankind?

A

The crime of ecocide.

13
Q

What document did the Draft Code of Crimes Against the Peace and Security of Mankind later become?

A

The Rome Statute.

14
Q

How many countries publicly supported Article 26 (crime against the environment) in the Legal Committee?

A

19 countries.

15
Q

Which countries opposed the inclusion of Article 26, leading to its removal?

A

The Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Feb (28 decks)

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