ecocide Flashcards
Which country became the first European nation to recognize ecocide under international law?
Belgium
What action did the Belgian Federal Parliament take regarding ecocide?
It voted in favor of a revised penal code that makes ecocide punishable at both national and international levels.
Who formed the definition of ecocide in late 2020?
The Stop Ecocide Foundation.
When was the definition of ecocide by the Independent Expert Panel given?
In June 2021.
When was the Rome Statute adopted and when did it come into force?
Adopted on 17 July 1998 and came into force on 1 July 2002.
What is the punishment for individuals under Belgium’s new ecocide law?
Up to 20 years in prison.
At which conference was the term “ecocide” coined?
The Conference on War and National Responsibility in Washington.
How many countries currently recognize ecocide as a crime, according to the World Economic Forum?
12 countries.
Which was the country to put ecocide in law
France
What are the four core international crimes established by the Rome Statute?
Genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression.
What is the name of Belgium’s bicameral parliament?
The Federal Parliament.
How many states are party to the Rome Statute as of February 2024?
124 states.
What are the two chambers of the Federal Parliament?
In the Palace of the Nation (Palais de la Nation) in Brussels.
What controversial aspect of the U.S. military effort in Southeast Asia occurred between 1961 and 1971?
The widespread use of chemical defoliants.
Who submitted a proposal to the United Nations International Law Commission in 2010?
Environmental lawyer Polly Higgins.
What are the two main linguistic and cultural regions of Belgium?
Flemish (Dutch-speaking) Flanders and French-speaking Wallonia.
Who is primarily responsible for domestic environmental legislation in Belgium?
The three regional governments: Flanders, Wallonia, and Brussels.
Which four international crimes had Belgium already recognized before adding ecocide?
Genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression.
Where does the Federal Parliament sit?
In the Palace of the Nation (Palais de la Nation) in Brussels.
Who first coined the term “ecocide”?
Professor Arthur W. Galston.
What specific herbicide is mentioned as part of the U.S. military efforts?
Agent Orange.
Who is the current monarch of Belgium?
King Philippe.
In what year was the term “ecocide” first coined?
1970.
Who is the current Prime Minister of Belgium?
Alexander De Croo.
Who provided the definition of ecocide?
The Independent Expert Panel for the Legal Definition of Ecocide.
In which court case did the court note that certain people were continuing ecocide by removing valuable timbers?
Chandra CFS and Terminal Operators Pvt. Ltd. v. The Commissioner of Customs (2015).
In which case the court argued that “environmental justice could be achieved only if we drift away from the principle of anthropocentric to ecocentric.”
TN Godavarman
What did Article x of the International Law Commission (ILC) Draft refer to?
26; Intentionally causing “widespread, long-term and severe damage to the natural environment” within the context of war.
When was Article 26 removed from the final draft submitted to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court?
In 1996.
Which countries objected to the inclusion of ecocide in the Rome Statute, leading to its removal?
The United Kingdom, France, and the United States.
Who popularized the term “ecocide” by accusing the United States at the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment?
Olof Palme.
What did the UN’s International Law Commission (ILC) consider including in the Draft Code of Crimes Against the Peace and Security of Mankind?
The crime of ecocide.
What document did the Draft Code of Crimes Against the Peace and Security of Mankind later become?
The Rome Statute.
How many countries publicly supported Article 26 (crime against the environment) in the Legal Committee?
19 countries.
Which countries opposed the inclusion of Article 26, leading to its removal?
The Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
