Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MD4003 OSCEs > ECG > Flashcards

ECG Flashcards

1
Q

Normal length of PR interval?

A

120-200 ms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define PR interval

A

Start of P to start of Q wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Normal length of QRS interval?

A

120ms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define QT interval

A

Start of Q to end of T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define ST segment

A

End of S to start of T wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define QRS

A

Start of Q to end of S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Large square =

A

5mm = 200ms (0.2s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Small square =

A

1mm = 40ms (0.04s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which limb leads look at:
Left lateral heart?
Inf heart?
Right atrium?

A

Left lateral heart: I, II and VL
Inf heart: III and VF
Right atrium: VR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Normal cardiac axis?

A

-30 to +90

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Left/right axis deviation?

A

Right: +90 to -90
Left: -30 to -90

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Presentation and cause of first degree heart block?

A

Presentation: Consistent prolonged PR internval
Cause: CAD, acute rheumatic carditis, digoxin toxicity or electrolyte disturbances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Presentations and cause of second degree heart block?

A 
Cause: Intermittent failure of excitation to pass through the AV node or bundle of His.
Presentations:
1. Mobitz type 2 phenomenon
2. Wenckebach
3. 2:1 or 3:1 conduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Mobitz type 2 heart block?

A

2nd degree heart block

Most beat conducted with constant PR interval, with occasional absent ventricular contraction following atrial contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Wenckebach heart block?

A

2nd degree heart block

Progressive lengthening of PR interval with then failure conduction of atrial beat. Following by short conducted PR interval etc etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is “2:1 or 3:1 conduction” heart block?

A

2nd degree heart block

Alternate conducted and non-conducted atrial beats
Ratio is the number of conduction P to QRS waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cause and presentation of third degree (complete) heart block?

A

Atrial contraction is normal but no beats are conducted to the ventricles.
Ventricles are then excited by a slow “escape mechanism” from a depolarising focus within the ventricular muscle
P wave and QRS complex rate= DIFFERENT and UNRELATED

Cause:
(Acute) MI phenomenon
(Chronic) Fibrosis around Bundle of His

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Characteristics of a normal sinus rhythm?

A
  1. Regular rhythm at a rate of 60-100 bpm
  2. Each QRS complex is preceded by a normal P wave.
  3. Normal P wave axis: P waves should be upright in leads I and II, inverted in aVR.
  4. The PR interval remains constant.
  5. QRS complexes are < 120 ms wide (unless a co-existent interventricular conduction delay is present).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sign of RBBB

A

Lead V1, RSR pattern

Wide QRS in V6 with deep S waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sign of LBBB

A

V6 borad complex with notched top (“M”)

With corresponding “W” is V1

T wave inversion is lateral leads (I, VL, V5 and V6)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The septum is depolarised from..

A

left to right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

3 types of supraventricular rhythms

A

Sinus
Atrial
Junctional

The depolarisation wave spreads to the ventricles in the normal way via the Bundle of His. Hence normal QRS (or narrow)

23
Q

QRS complexes in ventricular rhythms?

A

Wide as depolarisation spread in ventricles is abnormal

24
Q

Categorises of abnormal rhythms (both ventricular and supraventricular)?

A

Bradycardias
Extrasystoles
Tachycardias
Fibrillations

25
Q

Meaning of paroxysmal?

A

Occurs intermittently

26
Q

What is AV block?

A

When atrial rate is greater than 200bpm so AV nodes prevents all P waves being conducted.
This is a protective mechanism due a functioning AV nodes (hence different to 2nd degree heart block)

27
Q

Appearance of atrial flutter

A

Saw toothered

Not all P waves followed by QRS (due to AV block)

28
Q

Appearance of atrial flutter?

A

Atrial rate greater than 250bpm
No p wave baseline

(Often no T waves but in fact 2:1 block)

29
Q

Arrhythmia identified i lead with..

A

most visible p waves

30
Q

Presentation of junctional (nodal) tachycardia?

A

No p waves
Normal QRS shape
Fast rate

31
Q

Presentation of ventricular tachycardia?

A

Abnormal and wide QRS complexes in all 12 leads

Due to abnormal pathway spread through ventricular muscle

32
Q

Atrial fibrillation appearance?

A

No p waves

Irregular QRS complexes (but normal shape) and baseline

33
Q

ECG presentation of ventricular fibrillation?

A

No identifiable QRS complexes and disorganised ECG

34
Q

Presentation of wolff-parkinson-white syndrome?

A

Short PR
Slurred upstroke in QRS complex

Can cause paroxysmal tachycardia

35
Q

Causes of peaked p wave?

A

Right atrial hypertrophy (e.g. due to tricuspid valve stenosis or pulmonary hypertension in PE)

36
Q

Cause of bifid p wave?

A

Left atrial hypertrophy (e.g. due to mitral valve stenosis)

37
Q

What and where is the normal transition point?

A

When R wave equal S wave
Normally at V3 and V4.

(Pathology: Clockwise rotation when at V5 or V6 due to pulmonary hypertension)

38
Q

Q waves presentation is an MI

A

Width: More than 1 small square (0.04s)
Depth: Greater than 2mm

39
Q

Normal T wave inversion in which leads?

A

VR and V1

sometimes III and V2

40
Q

T wave inversion induced by…

A 
Normality
Ischaemia
Ventricular hypertrophy
Abnormal IV conduction i.e. BBB
Digoxin treatment
41
Q

Peaked t waves means..

A

hyperkalaemia

Flat and prolonged in hypokalaemia

42
Q

Normal callibration

A

10mm/mV

25mm/s

43
Q

Causes for irregular rhythm?

A

AF
2nd degree heart block
Ectopy (vent= broad, atrial=narrow)

44
Q

P waves abnormality in right atrial hypertrophy

A

Peaked p waves

45
Q

P waves abnormality in left atrial hypertrophy

A

Bifid p waves

46
Q

3 types of heart block

A

1st degree = PR > 200ms consistently

2nd degree:
TYPE 1= PR gets progressively longer
TYPE 2= PR consistent with intermittent loss of conduction so absent QRS complex

3rd degree: Complete dissociation between P waves and QRS complexes. PR interval inconsistent

47
Q 
Degrees of:
Normal
LAD
RAD
Extreme axis
A

Normal: -30 to +90
LAD: -30 to -90
RAD: +90 to 180
Extreme axis: 180 to -90

48
Q

Type finding of LBBB and RBBB

A

RBBB = MaRRoW

LBBB= WiLLiaM

49
Q

QT interval means

A

Ventricular depolarisation and repolations

So start of QRS to end of T

50
Q

Was is Bazetts equation

A

Qtc = QT/root of RR

Needs to be in seconds

51
Q

Normal QTc?

A

Between 380-420ms

52
Q 
Which leads are:
Inferior?
septal?
Anterior?
Lateral?
A

Inferior? II, III, AVF
septal? V1, V2
Anterior? V3, V4
Lateral? I, AVL

53
Q

ECG findings in PE

A

Tachycardia
Right ventricular hypertrophy
S1Q3T3

54
Q

Signs of a pathological Q waves

A

more than 0.04s wide

More then 2mm deeo

MD4003 OSCEs (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions