Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiopulm JD > ECG > Flashcards

ECG Flashcards

1
Q

What is a ECG?

A

Graphic representation of the electrical impulses of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an ECG used to ID?

A

ID irregularities in heart rhythm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are ECGs recorded?

A

From body surface by electrodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where do impulses start?

A

In the SA node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Conduction system pathway?

A 
SA node
AV (junctual) node
Bundle of His
Left and Right bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The P wave represents what?

A

SA node firing

Atrium contracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

After the P wave before the QRS complex is a flat line that represents?

A

AV node pauses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

QRS complex represents:

A

Ventricular depolarization follow by quick contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The t wave is the:

A

Ventricle relaxing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Isoelectric line means that:

A

No electrical activity is occurring (at the PR interval)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the point of the AV node slowing down the impulse?

A

So that the atrium and ventricle do not contract at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

At the bundle of His, impulses are moving where?

A

Passing down to L and R ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Contraction of the heart is from the ______ and goes to the ______

A

Bottom

Top

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does conduction end?

A

Purkinje fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ST segment is a _________ and is the beginning of ______

A

Isoelectric line

Ventricular repolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Resets at the end of the _____ wave

A

T wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

If the QRS is wider than normal, this indicates

A

A problem!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The distance between Q and T describe what?

A

How the ventricles are working or responding to certain medications (QT interval)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

RR interval should be very regular from R to R

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

P wave is a ____ issue

A

Atrial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

QRS complex is a ____ issue

A

ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

This wave is normally rounded, symmetric and upright. It represents atrial depolarization, followed closely by atrial contraction

A

P wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

This represents the slowing of conduction through the AV node

A

P-R interval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

This represents ventricular depolarization and normally followed closely by ventricular contraction

A

QRS complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Repolarization begins when ______ ends

A

Ventricular contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

This _______ pause is known at the ST segment and it is when the ventricle is initiating repolarization

A

Isoelectric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Repolarization is complete by the end of the _____

A

T wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the most common type of monitoring practice in step downs, ICUs and CPPT rehab programs?

A

Single lead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the adv/disadv to single lead?

A

It can detect rate and rhythm disturbances

Cannot detect ISCHEMIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What kind of lead is used to determine ischemia or infarction?

A

12 lead EKG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Decreased blood flow to cardiac tissues

A

ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Interruption of blood flow that leads to death of cardiac muscle tissue

A

Infarct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

6 limb leads and 6 chest of pericardial leads

A

(I, II, III, aVR, aVL, aVF)

V1-V6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

V1-V6 are…

A

Chest leads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

V1-2 are in the…

A

Septum (space between ventricles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

V3-4 are in the…

A

Anterior left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

V5-6 are in the ….

A

Lateral left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

12 lead: This is indicated by INCREASED height (R wave) and depth (S wave) in QRS complex

A

Ventricular hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

12 lead: This is indicated by ST segment depression or T wave inversion when present with angina

A

Myocardial ISCHEMIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

T12 lead: this is occurring when there is a ST segment elevation

A

Myocardial infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

If ST elevation is seen on EKG in conjunction with acute onset chest pain……

A

THIS IS A MEDICAL EMERGENCY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

On graph paper, 1 small box = 1 mm= ___ seconds

A

0.04

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

On graph paper, 1 big box= 5 mm= ___ seconds

A

0.20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Counting boxes can be a way to quickly determine _____ fro an EKG printout

A

HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is measured on the y-axis of the EKG?

A

Voltage or amplitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is measured on the x axis of the EKG?

A

Time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Ticks are found at the top of the rhythm paper, and one tick to the following tick represents ____ seconds

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Count the # of QRS complexes between 2 ticks and multiply by 10 to determine HR

A

Effective only if rhythm is regular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the sequence given for the square counting method starting at 300?

A

300, 150, 100, 75, 60, 50
The first thick line after QRS complex is 300
Stop at next QRS complex
This number is approximate HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

PR interval is constant at _____ seconds

A

0.12-0.20 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

In normal sinus rhythm rate is _____bpm

A

60-100 bpm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

After a previous MI, what wave might look different?

A

Q wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

T- wave changes, tall tented Ts mean?

A

Hyperkalemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Widened QT interval can be caused by…

A

Inheritance

Medication use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

U wave represents…

A

Repolarization of the perkinje fibers or papillary muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Arrhythmias can be classified as (5) things:

A 
Sinus
Atrial
Junctional
Ventricular
Blocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

If you have sinus arrhythmia… the _____ is still intact

A

SA node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are junctional arrhythmias?

A

Premature impulses that arise from AV node or junctional tissues

59
Q

What is tachyarrythmia?

A

Rhythm with a rate >100 bpm

60
Q

What is bradyarhythmia?

A

Rhythm with a rate < 60 bpm

61
Q

What is ectopy?

A

Electrical activity outside of the normal pathways

62
Q

Sinus tachycardia

A

Criteria for NSR except rate is greater than 100 bpm

63
Q

What is the cause of sinus tachycardia?

A

Increase in sympathetic stimulation (caffeine, stress, stimulants, etc)

64
Q

What do we do if someone has sinus arrhythmia?

A

Attempt to eliminate the cause

Initiation of BETA BLOCKER therapy

65
Q

Sinus bradycardia is what?

A

Criteria for NSR except rate is less than 60 bpm

66
Q

Causes of sinus bradycardia?

A

Super fit people
Beta blockers
Increased vagal stimulation

67
Q

What do we do for sinus bradycardia?

A

Nothing unless symptoms arise

68
Q

Sinus arrhythmia is what?

A

Criteria for NSR except R to R interval varies.

Quickening and slowing of impulse formation

69
Q

What is the most common cause of sinus arrhythmia?

A

Respiratory circle

Expiration- slowing
Inspiration- speeding

70
Q

In sinus arrythmia, expiration is ….

A

Slowing

71
Q

In sinus arrythmia, inspiration is ….

A

Speeding

72
Q

Respiratory sinus arrhythmia is usually seen in young and elderly and dissappears with….

A

ACTIVITY

73
Q

Atrial flutter is what?

A

No true P waves seen, instead we see flutter waves

74
Q

In an atrial flutter, you have more than one ____ before every _____

A

P wave before every QRS

75
Q

In an atrial flutter, because there is no p wave regularity, we can link this to a _____-

A

Atrial issue

76
Q

Is the ventricular rate affected in an atrial flutter?

A

No

77
Q

What are the causes of an atrial flutter?

A

Rheumatic heart disease, mitral valve disease, hypoxemia

78
Q

Treatment for atrial flutter

A

Meds

Cardio version

79
Q

Flutter waves, or saw tooth waves, indicate that the impulse did not originate from the ____

A

SA NODE

80
Q

The arterial rate is between _____ times per minute in an atrial flutter

A

250-350

81
Q

In an atrial flutter, how is it documented?

A

By # of flutter waves to every QRS

So 2:1 or 3:1 or 8:1 etc..

82
Q

Atrial flutter can lead to…

A

A-Fib

83
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

No true p waves are seen

84
Q

In atrial fibrillation, _____ is no longer the pacemaker

A

SA node

85
Q

There are multiple ectopic foci in the atria in a _______

A

Atrial fibrillation

86
Q

Ventricular rate depends on ______ responsiveness in an atrial fibrillation

A

AV node

87
Q

What are the causes of atrial fibrillation?

A 
Advanced age
Ischemia/infarction
CHF
Stress
Renal failure
88
Q

In atrial fibrillation you have, ______ cardiac output, becomes very dangerous in the presence of _________, and stagnant blood can lead to a ______

A

Decreased
Tachycardia
Clot formation

89
Q

when should you terminate/hold exercise when someone has AFib?

A

Usually if ventricular rate is >120-130 bpm at rest

90
Q

What is the treatment of AFib?

A

Pharm control
Anticoagulation
Radio frequency ablation

91
Q

What happens to CO in atrial fibrillation?

A

Decreased between 15-30%

92
Q

Heart blocks occur when cardiac electrical impulse is either delayed or blocked within the ______, ______, or _________

A

AV node
Bundle of His
Purkinje system

93
Q

heart blocks are classified into the following types: (4)

A

Bundle branch block (right or left)
1st degree heart block
2nd degree heart block (type 1 or type 2)
3rd degree heart block or complete heart block

94
Q

A first degree heart block is actually a _____ rather than a block

A

Delay

95
Q

What is a first degree heart block caused by?

A

Conduction delay at AV node or bundle of His

96
Q

In a 1st degree heart block, PR interval will be ______ than normal

A

Longer (0.2 seconds)

97
Q

In a 2nd degree heart block, type 1; it is almost always a disease of the ______ node

A

AV

98
Q

In a 2nd degree heart block, type 1; on ECG you will see progressive elongation of PR interval followed by a ______

A

Dropped or missing QRS complex

99
Q

In a 2nd degree heart block, type 1; treatment?

A

Nothing unless symptomatic

100
Q

VIn a 2nd degree heart block, type 1; other names?

A

Mobitz I or Wenckebach

101
Q

In a 2nd degree heart block, type 2; almost always a conduction disorder involving _______ or ________

A

Bundle of His or Purkinje system

102
Q

In a 2nd degree heart block, type 2; PR interval states the same but dropped beats will be _______

A

Visible

103
Q

In a 2nd degree heart block, type 2; intermittent, non conducted _______

A

P waves

104
Q

In a 2nd degree heart block, type 2;

2:1 Mobitz II block would mean what?

A

Two P waves for every 1 QRS complex

105
Q

In a 2nd degree heart block, type 2;

Definitive treatment?

A

Implanted pacemaker

106
Q

In a 3nd degree heart block, impulse is generated in _____ but not conducted to ________

A

SA node

Ventricles

107
Q

In a 3nd degree heart block, it is categorized by complete lack or relationship between _____ and _____

A

P waves and QRS complexes

108
Q

In a 3nd degree heart block, where is the QRS coming from?

A

Somewhere in the ventricle

NOT FROM CONDUCTION SYSTEM

109
Q

In a 3nd degree heart block, a new or accessory pacemaker will generate “escape rhythms” usually in the ______

A

Ventricles

110
Q

In a 3nd degree heart block, this causes 2 independent rhythms on the ECG…. what are they?

A

P waves with regular P to P interval

The QRS complexes with regular R to R interval
PR interval is variable

111
Q

In a 3nd degree heart block, causes?

A

Coronary ischemia
Inferior wall MI
Anterior wall MI

112
Q

In a 3nd degree heart block, symptoms?

A

Severe bradycardia
HYPOtension
Hemodynamic instability

113
Q

In a 3nd degree heart block, treatment?

A

Electrical pacing, temporary or permanent

Definitive treatment is dual chamber artificial pacemaker

114
Q

What does PVC stand for?

A

Premature ventricular contraction

115
Q

When an ectopic focus generates an impulse from somewhere in the ventricles - from myocardium, what is this called?

A

PVC

116
Q

PVCs can be ____ or _____

A

Unifocal or multifocal

117
Q

For PVCs, you should be concerned when you have ___ PVCs in a row, and ___ PVCs in one minute

A

3

6

118
Q

PVCs can lead to ______

A

Ventricular tachycardia

119
Q

What does bigeminy mean?

A

Every other beat

120
Q

What does trigeminy mean?

A

Every third beat

121
Q

Causes of PVC if isolated?

A 
Stress
Caffeine
Nicotine 
Ischemia
Cardiac disease
Irritation of myocardium
122
Q

Symptoms of PVC

A

Feeling of a skipped beat
Anxiety
SOB
Dizziness

123
Q

Treatment for PVC?

A

Treat underlying cause
Patients with lung disease, PVC –> hypoxemia
Antiarrhythmic medication

124
Q

What is ventricular tachycardia (v tach)?

A

Defined as 3 or more PVCs in a row

Rate 100-250 bpm

125
Q

V tach can be _____ or ______

A

Sustained

Non-sustained

126
Q

Non-sustained v tach has self termination in ____ seconds

A

< 30

127
Q

Sustained v tach = run of v tach _____ seconds, even if it self terminates

A

> 30 seconds

128
Q

V tach can lead to _______

A

Ventricular fibrillation

129
Q

What are the causes of v tach?

A 
Ischemia
Acute infarction
CAD
Heart disease
Med reactions
Athletes during exercise
130
Q

Symptoms of v tach

A

Dizziness
Syncope
Disorientation
Weak, thready pulse

131
Q

Treatment for v tach?

A

Immediate pharm intervention
Cardio version
Defibrillation

132
Q

In v tach, _____ are absent

A

P waves

133
Q

Torsade de Pointes is what?

A

A unique configuration of v tach

134
Q

Torsade de pointes is a twisting of the points along the _____ line

A

Isoelectric

135
Q

Torsade de pointes is often associated with prolonged _____ interval

A

Q-T

136
Q

Torsade de pointes occurs at a ____ rate and terminate _______

A

Rapid

Spontaneously

137
Q

Torsade de pointes can lead to _____

A

V-fib

138
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

Erratic quivering of ventricular musculature

139
Q

What is v fib caused by?

A

Multiple ectopic foci firing at the same time.

No cardiac output

140
Q

V-fib is always associated with ______

A

Cardiac arrest

141
Q

How do you treat v fib?

A

Always de fib v fib

Being CPR, supplemental O2, grab AED

142
Q

In V fib, a spike is seen before ______, if paced ventrically

A

QRS complex

143
Q

If V fib, spike seen before ____ wave, if paced atrially

A

P wave

Cardiopulm JD (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions