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Cardiopulm JD > Diagnostic Test: Cardiac & Pulm > Flashcards

Diagnostic Test: Cardiac & Pulm Flashcards

1
Q

This test has continuous 24 hour ECG monitoring

A

Holter monitor

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2
Q

The holter monitor provides info for the diagnosis and management of episodes of ________

A

Arrhythmias

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3
Q

Indications for a holter monitor include

A

IDing symptoms possibly caused by dysrhythmias
Describing the dysrhythmias noted with activating
Evaluating anti-arrhythmia therapy and pacemaker functioning

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4
Q

All symptoms and activity are DOCUMENTED during the 24 hour period for what test?

A

Holter monitoring

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5
Q

When is it common to perform holter monitoring prior to discharge?

A

After an MI

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6
Q

Patients on a holter monitor may be referred for:

A

EPS
Ablation procedure
ICD

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7
Q

An ICD is usually placed in _________ and it is used to detect ______

A

In the right ventricle

Used to detect arrhythmia

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8
Q

What does EPS stand for?

A

Electrophysiology study

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9
Q

What does ICD stand for?

A

implantable cardioverter defibrillator

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10
Q

This test is often associated with ablation

A

EPS

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11
Q

An EPS is indicated to…. (3 things)

A

Investigate the cause
Location of origin
Best treatment for various abnormal heart rhythms

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12
Q

Ablation is common in patients that have…

A

A-fib

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13
Q

What is an echocardiography?

A

Noninvasive procedure that Evals the functioning heart

Gives real time images of beating heart

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14
Q

What is an echo used to assess?

A

The performance of the heart muscle and valves
Quantifies volume of left ventricle
Estimates SV and EF

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15
Q

What does SV stand for?

A

Stroke volume

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16
Q

What does EF stand for?

A

Ejection fraction

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17
Q

Problems that are evaluated with an echo (14)

A

Aortic dissection
Aortic regulation
Aortic stenosis
Aneurysm

Cardiac tamponade
Idiopathic cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Ischemic heart muscle

Pericardial effusion
Mitral valve regurgitation
Mitral valve prolapse

Thrombi
Vegetation of valves
Masses

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18
Q

What is a cardiac tamponade?

A

Acute, uncontrolled pericardial effusion

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19
Q

Transesophageal Echo (TEE) allows for what?

A

Improve visualization of cardiac structures and function

Valuable in the intraoperative and perioperative monitoring of LEFT VENTRICLE performance

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20
Q

What is the mode of choice for the eval of cardioembolic stroke?

A

Transesophageal Echo (TEE)

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21
Q

Where is the TEE probe placed?

A

Into the mouth and down the esophagus (can also be placed in the stomach)

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22
Q

What does a stress echo evaluate?

A

Ischemia-induced wall motion abnormalities

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23
Q

Stress echos are useful for the eval of what?

A

Atypical symptoms (dyspnea and fatigue) as well as for patients with no diagnostic ECGs with exercise

Or who have atypical chest pain syndromes

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24
Q

Are stress echos better for women or men?

A

Women

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25
What is a contrast echo?
IV injected contrast agent with the echo Improved diagnostic accuracy to assess myocardial perfusion and ventricular chambers
26
SPECT
Single photon emission computed tomography
27
Is SPECT invasive or noninvasive?
Noninvasive
28
SPEC detects and quantifies...
Myocardial perfusion defects and contractility defects
29
SPECT is used in conjunction with
Radioactive isotopes
30
In a SPECT, radioactive tracer is injected into bloodstream then..
Gamma camera picks up emissions creating picture of heart
31
PET
Positron emission tomography
32
PET provides visualization and direct measurement of
Metabolic functioning, including glucose and fatty acid metabolism and blood flow of the heart
33
What imaging is the gold standard for blood flow measurement and metabolic assessment of the heart?
PET
34
CT is used predominantly to ID...
Masses in the cardiovascular system
35
CT detects what?
Aortic aneurysms or pericardial thickening
36
Benefit of CT?
Noninvasive | Harmless
37
CTA stands for..
Computed tomography angiography
38
What does a CTA highlight?
Coronary arteries to eval for CHD
39
What does a spiral CT evaluate?
The presence of PE
40
How does a spiral CT work?
Scanner rotates around the body in a spiral to create 3D images Detects abnormalities in the arteries in the lungs with greater precision
41
Spiral CTs are (faster or slower?) that conventional CT scans?
Faster
42
Spiral CT can be done with or without contrast?
True
43
If your patient is getting a spiral CT when you see them, should you treat?
NOOOOOOOO
44
Spiral CT are 2D or 3D?
3D
45
What does EBCT stand for
Electron Beam Computerized Tomography
46
EBCT is what kind of method? | And what does it detect?
Noninvasive Detects and quantifies coronary atherosclerosis (detects coronary calcification) Detects presence of calcium in coronary arteries as well as the location, extent, and density of the deposits Provides a calcium scoring system
47
MUGA does what?
Noninvasive technique to calculate LEFT VENTRICULAR ejection fraction
48
What is the purpose of an MRI?
Evaluates morphology, cardiac blood flow, myocardial contractility Assess valvular disease, cardiac shunts, quantification of cardiac flow, coronary artery anatomy
49
Radioactive nuclide perfusion imaging is the assessment of
Coronary perfusion
50
Commonly used agents in radioactive nuclide perfusion imaging include
Thallium 201 and technetium 99m
51
When are the agents injected for radioactive nuclide perfusion imaging?
After exercise of after pharmacologic stress test
52
What do nonperfused or dead myocardium look like on a radioactive nuclide perfusion image?
Cold spots
53
If you have a cold spot immediately after exercise or 4 hours afterward, it is considered....
IRREVERSIBLY DAMAGED (scarred)
54
If a cold spot reperfused after 4 hours, it is...
Ischemic
55
What agent is more stable in radioactive nuclide perfusion imaging?
Sestamibi
56
Sestamibi can detect infarcts that are...
A few hours old
57
A pharmacologic stress test is...
A physiologic stress test while the pt remains in RESTING state
58
What are the most common agents used for a pharmacologic stress test?
Dupyridamole Dobutamine Adenosine
59
Are cardiac catheterizations invasive or non?
Invasive
60
What does a cardiac catheterization establish?
A DX of cardiac dysfunction or heart disease | Demonstrates severity of CAD or valvular dysfunction
61
Specific determination that are made with cardiac catherization (4)
Presence of and severity of CAD Presence of left vent dysfunction or aneurysm Presence of valvular heart disease and severity Presence of pericardial disease
62
Where is a cardiac catheterization usually performed?
Femoral artery
63
Caths as treatment are usually called...
PCI - percutaneous coronary intervention
64
For a cath, a single vessel involvement can usually be treated....
NON INVASIVELY
65
PT implications for cardiac cath... | Since femoral ARTERY is accessed, pressure needs to be placed on area how many hours after procedure?
4-8 hours
66
Post cath, patients are typically on bed rest with LE in what position?
In knee immobilizer
67
Ergonovine stimulation is an important diagnosis test for what?
Coronary spasm
68
Where are ergonovine stimulation tests performed?
In the cath lab or in CCU
69
Bronchography is needs for the eval and management of what?
Some congenital pulmonary anomalies as well as some acquired diseases
70
A bronchography is looking at gross pathological changes in the ....
Bronchial wall and lumen
71
In a bronchography is contrast needed?
Yes to study the airways
72
What is performed more, bronchography or bronchoscopy?
Bronchoscopies and CT scans are performed more
73
What does a bronchoscopy assess for?
Infection that cannot be evaluated from a sample | Assesses malignancy
74
What tool is occasionally used to clear viscous secretion or to retrieve a foregn object
Bronchoscopy

Cardiopulm JD (12 decks)

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