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Cardiopulm JD > Diagnostic Test: Cardiac & Pulm > Flashcards

Diagnostic Test: Cardiac & Pulm Flashcards

1
Q

This test has continuous 24 hour ECG monitoring

A

Holter monitor

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2
Q

The holter monitor provides info for the diagnosis and management of episodes of ________

A

Arrhythmias

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3
Q

Indications for a holter monitor include

A

IDing symptoms possibly caused by dysrhythmias
Describing the dysrhythmias noted with activating
Evaluating anti-arrhythmia therapy and pacemaker functioning

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4
Q

All symptoms and activity are DOCUMENTED during the 24 hour period for what test?

A

Holter monitoring

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5
Q

When is it common to perform holter monitoring prior to discharge?

A

After an MI

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6
Q

Patients on a holter monitor may be referred for:

A

EPS
Ablation procedure
ICD

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7
Q

An ICD is usually placed in _________ and it is used to detect ______

A

In the right ventricle

Used to detect arrhythmia

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8
Q

What does EPS stand for?

A

Electrophysiology study

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9
Q

What does ICD stand for?

A

implantable cardioverter defibrillator

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10
Q

This test is often associated with ablation

A

EPS

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11
Q

An EPS is indicated to…. (3 things)

A

Investigate the cause
Location of origin
Best treatment for various abnormal heart rhythms

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12
Q

Ablation is common in patients that have…

A

A-fib

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13
Q

What is an echocardiography?

A

Noninvasive procedure that Evals the functioning heart

Gives real time images of beating heart

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14
Q

What is an echo used to assess?

A

The performance of the heart muscle and valves
Quantifies volume of left ventricle
Estimates SV and EF

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15
Q

What does SV stand for?

A

Stroke volume

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16
Q

What does EF stand for?

A

Ejection fraction

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17
Q

Problems that are evaluated with an echo (14)

A

Aortic dissection
Aortic regulation
Aortic stenosis
Aneurysm

Cardiac tamponade
Idiopathic cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Ischemic heart muscle

Pericardial effusion
Mitral valve regurgitation
Mitral valve prolapse

Thrombi
Vegetation of valves
Masses

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18
Q

What is a cardiac tamponade?

A

Acute, uncontrolled pericardial effusion

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19
Q

Transesophageal Echo (TEE) allows for what?

A

Improve visualization of cardiac structures and function

Valuable in the intraoperative and perioperative monitoring of LEFT VENTRICLE performance

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20
Q

What is the mode of choice for the eval of cardioembolic stroke?

A

Transesophageal Echo (TEE)

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21
Q

Where is the TEE probe placed?

A

Into the mouth and down the esophagus (can also be placed in the stomach)

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22
Q

What does a stress echo evaluate?

A

Ischemia-induced wall motion abnormalities

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23
Q

Stress echos are useful for the eval of what?

A

Atypical symptoms (dyspnea and fatigue) as well as for patients with no diagnostic ECGs with exercise

Or who have atypical chest pain syndromes

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24
Q

Are stress echos better for women or men?

A

Women

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25
Q

What is a contrast echo?

A

IV injected contrast agent with the echo

Improved diagnostic accuracy to assess myocardial perfusion and ventricular chambers

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26
Q

SPECT

A

Single photon emission computed tomography

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27
Q

Is SPECT invasive or noninvasive?

A

Noninvasive

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28
Q

SPEC detects and quantifies…

A

Myocardial perfusion defects and contractility defects

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29
Q

SPECT is used in conjunction with

A

Radioactive isotopes

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30
Q

In a SPECT, radioactive tracer is injected into bloodstream then..

A

Gamma camera picks up emissions creating picture of heart

31
Q

PET

A

Positron emission tomography

32
Q

PET provides visualization and direct measurement of

A

Metabolic functioning, including glucose and fatty acid metabolism and blood flow of the heart

33
Q

What imaging is the gold standard for blood flow measurement and metabolic assessment of the heart?

A

PET

34
Q

CT is used predominantly to ID…

A

Masses in the cardiovascular system

35
Q

CT detects what?

A

Aortic aneurysms or pericardial thickening

36
Q

Benefit of CT?

A

Noninvasive

Harmless

37
Q

CTA stands for..

A

Computed tomography angiography

38
Q

What does a CTA highlight?

A

Coronary arteries to eval for CHD

39
Q

What does a spiral CT evaluate?

A

The presence of PE

40
Q

How does a spiral CT work?

A

Scanner rotates around the body in a spiral to create 3D images

Detects abnormalities in the arteries in the lungs with greater precision

41
Q

Spiral CTs are (faster or slower?) that conventional CT scans?

A

Faster

42
Q

Spiral CT can be done with or without contrast?

A

True

43
Q

If your patient is getting a spiral CT when you see them, should you treat?

A

NOOOOOOOO

44
Q

Spiral CT are 2D or 3D?

A

3D

45
Q

What does EBCT stand for

A

Electron Beam Computerized Tomography

46
Q

EBCT is what kind of method?

And what does it detect?

A

Noninvasive

Detects and quantifies coronary atherosclerosis (detects coronary calcification)

Detects presence of calcium in coronary arteries as well as the location, extent, and density of the deposits

Provides a calcium scoring system

47
Q

MUGA does what?

A

Noninvasive technique to calculate LEFT VENTRICULAR ejection fraction

48
Q

What is the purpose of an MRI?

A

Evaluates morphology, cardiac blood flow, myocardial contractility

Assess valvular disease, cardiac shunts, quantification of cardiac flow, coronary artery anatomy

49
Q

Radioactive nuclide perfusion imaging is the assessment of

A

Coronary perfusion

50
Q

Commonly used agents in radioactive nuclide perfusion imaging include

A

Thallium 201 and technetium 99m

51
Q

When are the agents injected for radioactive nuclide perfusion imaging?

A

After exercise of after pharmacologic stress test

52
Q

What do nonperfused or dead myocardium look like on a radioactive nuclide perfusion image?

A

Cold spots

53
Q

If you have a cold spot immediately after exercise or 4 hours afterward, it is considered….

A

IRREVERSIBLY DAMAGED (scarred)

54
Q

If a cold spot reperfused after 4 hours, it is…

A

Ischemic

55
Q

What agent is more stable in radioactive nuclide perfusion imaging?

A

Sestamibi

56
Q

Sestamibi can detect infarcts that are…

A

A few hours old

57
Q

A pharmacologic stress test is…

A

A physiologic stress test while the pt remains in RESTING state

58
Q

What are the most common agents used for a pharmacologic stress test?

A

Dupyridamole
Dobutamine
Adenosine

59
Q

Are cardiac catheterizations invasive or non?

A

Invasive

60
Q

What does a cardiac catheterization establish?

A

A DX of cardiac dysfunction or heart disease

Demonstrates severity of CAD or valvular dysfunction

61
Q

Specific determination that are made with cardiac catherization (4)

A

Presence of and severity of CAD
Presence of left vent dysfunction or aneurysm
Presence of valvular heart disease and severity
Presence of pericardial disease

62
Q

Where is a cardiac catheterization usually performed?

A

Femoral artery

63
Q

Caths as treatment are usually called…

A

PCI - percutaneous coronary intervention

64
Q

For a cath, a single vessel involvement can usually be treated….

A

NON INVASIVELY

65
Q

PT implications for cardiac cath…

Since femoral ARTERY is accessed, pressure needs to be placed on area how many hours after procedure?

A

4-8 hours

66
Q

Post cath, patients are typically on bed rest with LE in what position?

A

In knee immobilizer

67
Q

Ergonovine stimulation is an important diagnosis test for what?

A

Coronary spasm

68
Q

Where are ergonovine stimulation tests performed?

A

In the cath lab or in CCU

69
Q

Bronchography is needs for the eval and management of what?

A

Some congenital pulmonary anomalies as well as some acquired diseases

70
Q

A bronchography is looking at gross pathological changes in the ….

A

Bronchial wall and lumen

71
Q

In a bronchography is contrast needed?

A

Yes to study the airways

72
Q

What is performed more, bronchography or bronchoscopy?

A

Bronchoscopies and CT scans are performed more

73
Q

What does a bronchoscopy assess for?

A

Infection that cannot be evaluated from a sample

Assesses malignancy

74
Q

What tool is occasionally used to clear viscous secretion or to retrieve a foregn object

A

Bronchoscopy

Cardiopulm JD (12 decks)

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