ECG

Question 1

Sinus rhythm

Answer 1

p-wave followed by qrs and upright in the lead 2,3 and IVf

Question 2

p- wave present and regular pattern

Answer 2

sinus rhythm

Question 3

absence of p wave and an irregular heartbeat pattern

Answer 3

a-fib or atrial flutter

Question 4

p- wave present but irregular rhythm

Answer 4

sinus rhythm with premature atrial contraction

multifocal atrial tachycardia

sinus with AV blocks

Question 5

no p-wave but regular rhythm

Answer 5

retrograde/ hidden p wave due to :

supraventricular tachycardia =

ventral tachycardia = cuz the cells in ventricle fire before sa nodal cells.

Question 6

what is the normal width of qrs complex ?
and what dose wide qrs symbolize ?

Answer 6

3 small boxes : 120ms

bbb

Question 7

what is the normal pr interval ?
what causes changes in its duration

Answer 7

5 small boxes

av nodal block
extends under the influence of vagal tone or medications.

and reduces : in response to the sympatheitc tone

Question 8

QT interval
duration
prolongation

Answer 8

half of rr- interval
extends under low calcium con. (as it leads to the elongation of the phase zero)

Question 9

st depression
elevation

t-wave abnormalities
1) inverted
2) peaked
3) flat

Answer 9

nstmi
stmi

inverted : ischemia
peaked: early ischemia, hyperkalemia
flat/u wave : hypokalaemia

Question 10

first degree av block

Answer 10

all p waves are conducted but there is long pr

Question 11

second degree block

mobitz 1

mobitz 2

mobitz 3

Answer 11

Mobitz Type 1 (Wenckebach): In Mobitz Type 1, there is a progressive lengthening of the PR interval (the time between the P wave and the QRS complex) until a beat is dropped (a P wave is not followed by a QRS complex). After the dropped beat, the cycle begins again. It’s often characterized by a “group beating” pattern.

Mobitz Type 2: In Mobitz Type 2, there is a constant PR interval for conducted beats, but periodically, a P wave is not followed by a QRS complex. Unlike Mobitz Type 1, the PR interval remains constant until the dropped beat occurs. Mobitz Type 2 is considered more serious than Type 1 and is associated with a higher risk of progressing to complete heart block.

mobitz3 : complete block atria and ventricles start to fire at their own ways and thats why tbe number of p- waves r not equal to the q waves

Question 12

what does narrow qrs symbolises ?

Answer 12

suproventricular tacchycardia

but purkinje system functional with
no-bundle branch blocks

Question 13

prolongation of PR intervel or non- conducting p wave represents what ?

Answer 13

AV block

Question 14

RBBB what are the ecg findings

Answer 14

MaRRoW

m in v1 and w in v6

Question 15

LBBB what are the findings of ecg

Answer 15

WiLLiaM

w in v1 and m in v6

Question 16

irregularly irregular pule are found on ecg what is the diagnosis

Answer 16

atrial fibrillation

Question 17

what is the heart rate for asymptomatic A-fib symptoms ?

Answer 17

less than 100 beats per min

Question 18

what is the heart rate for symptomatic a-fib and what are its symptoms ?

Answer 18

more than 100 beats per min

symptoms : palpitations, dyspnea, and fatigue

Question 19

management of A-fib

Answer 19

rate control : beta-blockers : bisoprolol, and atenolol
calcium channel blockers : non -dihydropyridines : diltiazem and verapamil
digoxin

rhythm control :
immediate: cardioversion
amiodarone and flecainide
long term : beta-blockers first line

anti-coagulants

Question 20

findings for atrial flutter on ecg

Answer 20

saw tooth pattern

Question 21

PSVT
what is its most common cause ?
ecg findings ?

Answer 21

atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT)

p wave hidden in qrs