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Year 2: CARDIO > ecg > Flashcards

ecg Flashcards

1
Q

what is an ecg

A
  • Representa electrical events of cardiac cycle detected by placing electrodes on the surface of the body
  • Summation of electrical activity
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2
Q

what are the 3 basic laws on ECG

A
  • A positive complex is formed in depolarisation, when the lead is in the direction of flow
  • A negative complex is formed in repolarisation, when the lead is against the direction of flow
  • If the lead is at 90 degrees to the wave
    of depolarisation, then you get a biphasic waveform.
    The initial part is if it goes towards the lead
    and then goes away from the lead.
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3
Q

what is the difference between bipolar leeds adn unipolar leeds

A

*Bipolar leads measures from two points on the actual surface
* 1 lead on th body with a virtual reference point with 0 electrical potential located in centre of heart

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4
Q

what are the 12 leads of a standard ECG

A
  • 3 bipolar: I,II,III
  • 3 Augmented unipolar: AVR, AVL, AVF
  • 6 Unipolar precordial leads
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5
Q

what is the direcion of bipolar lead 1

A
  • R arm to L arm
  • depol will be positive
  • repol will be negative
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6
Q

what is the direction of bipolar lead II

A
  • right arm to Left leg
  • positive deflection in both the P waves and the QRS
    complexes
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7
Q

what is the direction of biploar lead III

A
  • Left arm to Left leg
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8
Q

what are the plasments of the augmented unipolar leads: AVR, AVL, AVF

A
  • AVR = right shoulder
  • AVL = left shoulder
  • AVF = over pubic symph
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9
Q

Hexaxial reference system I - 0 degrees

II - __ degrees
III - ___ degrees
aVR - ___ degrees
aVL - ___ degrees
aVF - ____degrees

A

II - 60 degrees
III - 120 degrees
aVR - 210 degrees
aVL - 30 degrees
aVF - 90 degrees

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10
Q

what do V1 and V2 leads look at

A

left ventricle + left inter ventricular septum septum

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11
Q

what do v3 and v4 leads look at

A

anteroir wall

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12
Q

what are v5 and v6 looking at

A

lateral wall

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13
Q

what is the P wave

A

Atrial depol from SA node

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14
Q

what is QRS complex

A
  • Ventricular depol at apex of heart
  • Atrial repol
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15
Q

what is the T wave

A

Ventricular repol

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16
Q

P waves are always __ in leads I and II

a)+ve
b)-ve

A

a

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17
Q

P wave are always __ in AVR lead

a) +ve
b)-ve

A

b

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18
Q

how many mm per second

A

25

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19
Q

how many mm is 1 mV

A

10mm

20
Q

In a normal electrocardiogram (ECG), the PR interval should typically fall within which of the following ranges?

A) 0.12 to 0.20 seconds
B) 0.20 to 0.30 seconds
C) 1.0 to 1.5 seconds
D) 2.0 to 2.5 seconds

A

a

21
Q

what is a long PR interval indicitive of

A

1st degree heart block

22
Q

a noral T wave is

a) symetrical
b) asymetrical

A

b

23
Q

in a normal ECG how do you calc HR

A

300/ big squares between R-R complex

24
Q

Width of deflection reflects speed of ________

A

conduction

25
Q

Positive deflection is towards the _______

A

lead/vector

26
Q

what would cause a PR interval to be shorter

A

in younger patients or in Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome

27
Q

what does a broad QRS complex indicate

A
  • Ventricular conduction delay / bundle branch block
  • Pre-excitation
28
Q

what does a small QRS complex inidicate

A
  • Obese patient
  • Pericardial effusion
  • Infiltrative cardiac disease
29
Q

The P waves should be upright and there should be no Q waves or only a small in which leads

A
  • I
  • II
  • V2
  • V6
30
Q

All waves are negative in lead ___

A

AVR

31
Q

how can Hyperkalaemia present on an ECG

A
  • Tall T waves
  • flattenied P waves
  • broad QRS
  • eventually ‘sine wave pattern’
32
Q

how can Hypokalaemia present on an ecg

A
  • Flattened T wave
  • QT prolonged
33
Q

how can Hypercalcaemia present on an ECG

A

QT shortening

34
Q

how can Hypocalcaemia present on an ECG

A
  • QT prolongation
35
Q

what could a low amplitude p wave indicate

A

Atrial fibrosis
Obesity
Hyperkalaemia

36
Q

what could a broad and bifid P wave indicate

A

Left atrial enlargement

36
Q

what could a high amplite p wave indicate

A

atrial enlargments

37
Q

what could a tall QRS complex indicate

A

left ventricular hypertrophy

38
Q

T wave is usually inverted in which leads

A

aVR and can be in III

39
Q

The R wave must grow from V_ to atleast V_

A

1 to 4

40
Q

what are ectopic beats

A
  • Very Common
  • Non sustained beats arising from ectopic regions of atria or ventricles
  • Generally benign
  • High burden VE can cause heart failure
  • High burden AE can progress to AF
41
Q

Male with chadsvasc score of one, would you treat and what with

A

yes anticoag (warfarin/doac)

42
Q

female with chadsvasc score of 1 would you treat

A

no

43
Q

what shape in the ecg does a right bundle block make

A

M QRS complex
acronym MaRRow

44
Q

what shape in the ECG does a left bundle block make

A

W QRS
acronym WILLiam

45
Q

what are some possible conditions for black outs

A

Conduction disease/bradycardia/ Extreme tachycardia

46
Q

what are some possible conditions for chest pain

A

pericarditis, MI

Year 2: CARDIO (10 decks)

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