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2a Haematology > EBV and HIV > Flashcards

EBV and HIV Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 conditions EBV is associated with

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Burkitt’s (NHL)
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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2
Q

What age group are particularly at of EBV?

A

15-24 y/o

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3
Q

How does EBV spread?

A

In saliva or bodily fluids

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4
Q

What are symptoms of EBV?

A

Varied mild symptoms:
sore throat
hepatosplenomegaly

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5
Q

True of false: EBV is self-limiting?

A

True, normally 2-4 weeks

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6
Q

How do you diagnose EBV?

A

Blood film:
Atypical lymphocytes

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7
Q

What are other names for EBV?

A

Glandular fever
Infectious mononucleosis

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8
Q

What type of virus is HIV?

A

retrovirus (RNA virus with reverse transcriptase so can make complementary DNA copy of the viral RNA to integrate into host cell’s DNA)

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9
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

Sharing needles
Needle stick injury
MSM
unprotected anal sex

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10
Q

Is HIV-1 or HIV-2 more common?

A

HIV-1, it’s more virulent

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11
Q

What is the pathophysiology of HIV?

A

HIV gp120 binds to CD4 on T helper cell

Endocytoses RNA and enzymes

Reverse transcriptase makes RNA to DNA

Integrase integrates the viral DNA into the hosts.

Protein synthesis

Viral proteins and RNA exocytose and take part of CD4 and cell surface membrane

Therefore have increasing viral copies and decreasing CD4+ cells.

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12
Q

What is gp120 found on HIV?

A

Viral envelope glycoprotein

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13
Q

What cell does HIV bind to via receptors and gp120?

A

CD4 cells

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14
Q

Which enzyme is used inside the CD4 cell to reverse transcribe the RNA into DNA?

A

reverse transcriptase

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15
Q

What does the enzyme integrase do?

A

Integrates the viral DNA into the host cell’s genome

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16
Q

Integrated viral DNA directs the host cell to produce…

A

new viral RNA and proteins.
Viral particles are assembled in the cell before being released in the bloodstream

17
Q

True or false: the host’s immune system doesn’t recognise HIV infected cells

A

False
Attempts to mount an immune response but HIV evades it. Can lie dormant in certain cells.

18
Q

Overtime, the continuous cycle of viral replication and immune response leads to…

A

depletion of CD4 cells , weakening the hosts immune system.

19
Q

How many CD4+ cells counts as AIDS?

A

<200 / mm^3

20
Q

What are some AIDS defining conditions?

A

CMV
Pneumocystitis sinovecci pneumonia (PCP)
cryptosporidium infection
TB
Kaposi sarcoma
Toxoplasmosis
Lymphomas

21
Q

What is CMV?

A

Cytomegalovirus giving flu like symptoms. Type of herpes virus.

22
Q

What is PCP?

A

Pneumocystis pneumonia
Lung infection caused by fungus Pneumocystis jirocevii

23
Q

What is a cryptosporidium infection?

A

A waterborne GI illness caused by a parasite causing diarrhoea

24
Q

What is Kaposi sarcoma?

A

Cancer from lining of blood vessels or lymphatic vessels caused by human herpes virus 8. Can involve skin (raised purply-red-brown patches), mucous membranes and internal organs

25
Q

What is toxoplasmosis?

A

Flu-like illness caused by parasite often spread through undercooked meat.

26
Q

What are common symptoms of HIV within a few weeks of initial infection?

A

Flu-like:
Fever, fatigue, muscle aches, swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, rash

May have no noticable symptoms

27
Q

What is the viral load like during the primary infection?

A

Typically very high

28
Q

How long does the asymptomatic chronic HIV infection last?

A

Can last for several years
HIV continues to replicate but immune system keeps it in check

29
Q

What is the viral load like during the chronic stage of HIV?

A

Can fluctuate but tends to be lower than acute phase with relatively stable CD4 count

30
Q

What are symptoms of symptomatic HIV infection (advanced HIV)?

A

Chronic fatigue
Weight loss
Recurrent fevers
Night sweats
Opportunistic infections
Oral thrush
Chronic diarrhoea
Skin conditions

31
Q

What happens to the viral load and CD4 count during symptomatic HIV (advanced HIV)?

A

Viral load may increase
CD4 count starts to decline

32
Q

With no effective treatment, what may HIV develop into?

A

AIDS

33
Q

When is AIDS diagnosed?

A

When CD4 cell count falls below 200 cells / mm^3 or when AIDS-defining illnesses occur

34
Q

What are some AID-defining illnesses?

A

CMV infection
PCP
Candidiasis of oesophagus, trachea, bronchi or lungs
TB
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Cryptococcal meningitis
Toxoplasmosis of the brain
HIV encephalopathy (dementia)
HIV-associated wasting syndrome

35
Q

What treatment is used for HIV?

A

ART
antiretroviral therapy
Helps to maintain a low viral load and preserve the CD4 count

36
Q

How do you diagnose HIV?

A

Take history
Use ELISA testing for anti-HIV Ig and the p24 antibody (the p24 antigen is a viral protein)
Monitor progression of HIV RNA copies and CD4 cell counts

37
Q

What is the HAART treatment for HIV?

A

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Combo of 3 drugs that are reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
Aims to maintain CD4 count and decrease HIV RNA copies

2a Haematology (16 decks)

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