Ebola Flashcards
Ebola virus appeared in ___
1976 with 2 outbreaks
___ distinct species
5
most common species
Zaire ebolavirus
fatality rate up to ___
90%
if they gave those infected supportive care, it would ___
decrease the fatality rate
host
pteropodidae family of fruit bats
transmission
happens from a spillover event; no airborne transmission; spread through direct contact, blood, sexually, and bodily fluids; gets into humans by killing infected animals
spillover
not part of the natural round of transmission
found ebola in ___ 500 days later after infection and recovery
semen
can be found dormant in the body for a ___
long time
2014-2016 ebola outbreak in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea
borders were closed, case fatality started out worse, but eventually fatality went to less than 50%
incubation period
2-21 days
symptoms
fever, intense weakness, muscle pain, headache, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, impaired kidney and liver function, internal and external bleeding
diagnosis
rule out other diseases, ELISA, or PCR
prevention
avoid contact with blood and bodily fluids, funeral/burial rituals that require handling of the body, contact with bats and nonhuman primates
How do you determine if antibodies neutralize a virus?
if the antibodies neutralize, the virus won’t replicate
what are the WHO recommendations for declaring an end to an ebola outbreak?
no confirmed or probable ebolavirus cases detected for a period of 42 days since the last potential exposure (2 time the incubation period)
how is the Ebola virus vaccine made ?
made from a human serotype 26 that expressed the ebola glycoprotein. is a replication-competent, live attenuated recombinant vesicular somatic virus
where was it tested?
DRC
who is currently eligible for the vaccine?
EVD responders, laboratories, support staff, and HCP
percent fatality in the DRC
66%
what were the challenges to controlling the outbreak?
there was a recent outbreak of measles
has there been outbreaks in the DRC since 2019?
yes about every year since
ebola cases in Uganda?
62 cases
what is different about the cases in Uganda?
among health care workers and is the Zaire strain
what is being done to contain the outbreak?
quarantine and seeking funds
Thomas Eric duncan
had and died from ebola. he got it from driving a pregnant woman to the ER overseas. He lied about his exposure to get to the US. Had symptoms and went to the hospital, then was sent home. His second visit to the hospital he passed away after being in close contact with multiple people. He was the first patient diagnosed with ebola in the US.
Nina Pham
contracted ebola while caring for Thomas Eric Duncan as an ICU nurse, but survived. She has health problems related to the disease and experimental treatments. She claimed that the company did not properly train its staff to care for T.E.D.. Also Sid the THR violated her privacy. Her dog was also quarantined when Pham got ebola, but tested negative.
Amber Vinson
was a nurse treating Thomas Eric Duncan. she also had ebola and survived. she traveled on commercial flights and shopped at a bridal shop while having been exposed. she had permission to travel since she was not symptomatic. caused the bridal shop to close
Kaci Hickox
was a nurse who traveled overseas to treat outbreaks. she never tested positive for ebola. didn’t quarantine for 21 days after return to the US. nicknamed the ebola nurse.
ebola replication
requires an intracellular receptor. the GP protein is on the outside and helps bind the attachment factor. It gets into the endosome and into the cytoplasm. the GP is then cleaved and is able to bind to an internal receptor called NPC1. because the GP is on the outside that is what they attach the antibodies to
how does ebola cause disease?
can affect a number of cell types and cause apoptosis. disregulates cells, too much inflammation, and can activate other factors to get clotting and bleeding where you don’t want it. massive cytokine response
ebola infection and the immune response
the virus titers went down to non-detectable and regained a good amount of antibodies
how does ebola evade the immune response?
it is sneaky. T cells are specific to a different protein and can cause a response that can inhibit infection production or immune response. The HP gene through RNA editing can create another form that is soluble and is made then recreated in the cells to get the antibodies outside of the cell. it acts as a decoy for antibodies to attach to instead of the actual GP
