Ebola

Question 1

Ebola virus appeared in ___

Answer 1

1976 with 2 outbreaks

Question 2

___ distinct species

Answer 2

5

Question 3

most common species

Answer 3

Zaire ebolavirus

Question 4

fatality rate up to ___

Answer 4

90%

Question 5

if they gave those infected supportive care, it would ___

Answer 5

decrease the fatality rate

Question 6

host

Answer 6

pteropodidae family of fruit bats

Question 7

transmission

Answer 7

happens from a spillover event; no airborne transmission; spread through direct contact, blood, sexually, and bodily fluids; gets into humans by killing infected animals

Question 8

spillover

Answer 8

not part of the natural round of transmission

Question 9

found ebola in ___ 500 days later after infection and recovery

Answer 9

semen

Question 10

can be found dormant in the body for a ___

Answer 10

long time

Question 11

2014-2016 ebola outbreak in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea

Answer 11

borders were closed, case fatality started out worse, but eventually fatality went to less than 50%

Question 12

incubation period

Answer 12

2-21 days

Question 13

symptoms

Answer 13

fever, intense weakness, muscle pain, headache, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, impaired kidney and liver function, internal and external bleeding

Question 14

diagnosis

Answer 14

rule out other diseases, ELISA, or PCR

Question 15

prevention

Answer 15

avoid contact with blood and bodily fluids, funeral/burial rituals that require handling of the body, contact with bats and nonhuman primates

Question 16

How do you determine if antibodies neutralize a virus?

Answer 16

if the antibodies neutralize, the virus won’t replicate

Question 17

what are the WHO recommendations for declaring an end to an ebola outbreak?

Answer 17

no confirmed or probable ebolavirus cases detected for a period of 42 days since the last potential exposure (2 time the incubation period)

Question 18

how is the Ebola virus vaccine made ?

Answer 18

made from a human serotype 26 that expressed the ebola glycoprotein. is a replication-competent, live attenuated recombinant vesicular somatic virus

Question 19

where was it tested?

Answer 19

DRC

Question 20

who is currently eligible for the vaccine?

Answer 20

EVD responders, laboratories, support staff, and HCP

Question 21

percent fatality in the DRC

Answer 21

66%

Question 22

what were the challenges to controlling the outbreak?

Answer 22

there was a recent outbreak of measles

Question 23

has there been outbreaks in the DRC since 2019?

Answer 23

yes about every year since

Question 24

ebola cases in Uganda?

Answer 24

62 cases

Question 25

what is different about the cases in Uganda?

Answer 25

among health care workers and is the Zaire strain

Question 26

what is being done to contain the outbreak?

Answer 26

quarantine and seeking funds

Question 27

Thomas Eric duncan

Answer 27

had and died from ebola. he got it from driving a pregnant woman to the ER overseas. He lied about his exposure to get to the US. Had symptoms and went to the hospital, then was sent home. His second visit to the hospital he passed away after being in close contact with multiple people. He was the first patient diagnosed with ebola in the US.

Question 28

Nina Pham

Answer 28

contracted ebola while caring for Thomas Eric Duncan as an ICU nurse, but survived. She has health problems related to the disease and experimental treatments. She claimed that the company did not properly train its staff to care for T.E.D.. Also Sid the THR violated her privacy. Her dog was also quarantined when Pham got ebola, but tested negative.

Question 29

Amber Vinson

Answer 29

was a nurse treating Thomas Eric Duncan. she also had ebola and survived. she traveled on commercial flights and shopped at a bridal shop while having been exposed. she had permission to travel since she was not symptomatic. caused the bridal shop to close

Question 30

Kaci Hickox

Answer 30

was a nurse who traveled overseas to treat outbreaks. she never tested positive for ebola. didn’t quarantine for 21 days after return to the US. nicknamed the ebola nurse.

Question 31

ebola replication

Answer 31

requires an intracellular receptor. the GP protein is on the outside and helps bind the attachment factor. It gets into the endosome and into the cytoplasm. the GP is then cleaved and is able to bind to an internal receptor called NPC1. because the GP is on the outside that is what they attach the antibodies to

Question 32

how does ebola cause disease?

Answer 32

can affect a number of cell types and cause apoptosis. disregulates cells, too much inflammation, and can activate other factors to get clotting and bleeding where you don’t want it. massive cytokine response

Question 33

ebola infection and the immune response

Answer 33

the virus titers went down to non-detectable and regained a good amount of antibodies

Question 34

how does ebola evade the immune response?

Answer 34

it is sneaky. T cells are specific to a different protein and can cause a response that can inhibit infection production or immune response. The HP gene through RNA editing can create another form that is soluble and is made then recreated in the cells to get the antibodies outside of the cell. it acts as a decoy for antibodies to attach to instead of the actual GP