Eating Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

With what demographic are eating disorders most prevalent?

A
  • Mostly young females.
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2
Q

Put anoeria nervosa into perspective lad.

A

Incidence of anorexia nervosa in adolescence greater than both type 1 Diabetes and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

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3
Q

Outline the SCOFF QUestionnaire.

A

Used as a screening tool for eating disorder.

If patients score 2 or more positive answers, then an eating disorder is likely:

  • —Do you make yourself Sick because you feel uncomfortably full?
  • —Do you worry you have lost Control over how much you eat?
  • —Have you recently lost more than One stone (14 pounds or 6.35 kg) in a three month period?
  • —Do you believe yourself to be Fat when others say you are too thin?
  • —Would you say that Food dominates your life?
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4
Q

Generally outline anorexia nervosa.

A
  • —Restriction of intake to reduce weight
  • —Relies on compulsive compensatory behaviours when food cannot be avoided
    • Self induced vomiting
    • laxative abuse
    • excessive exercise
    • abuse of appetite suppressants / diuretics
  • —Considered anorexic if he/she is 15% below ideal body weight/BMI 17.5 or <
  • —Fear of weight gain
  • —[In postmenarchal females, absence of the menstrual cycle or amenorrhoea (greater than 3 cycles)]
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5
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Anoxrexia nervosa?

(theres loads)

A

Think symptoms caused by energy being diverted to more important places, and leaving extremities etc. —

  • Cold intolerance
  • —Blue hands and feet
  • —Constipation
  • —Bloating - if reduces peristalsis
  • —Delayed puberty
  • —Primary or secondary amenorrhea
  • —Dry skin
  • —Fainting
  • —Hypotension
  • —Lanugo hair
  • —Scalp hair loss
  • —Early satiety
  • —Weakness, fatigue
  • —Short stature
  • —Osteopenia & osteoporosis
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6
Q

Outline Bulimia Nervosa

A
  • —Episodes of binge eating with a sense of loss of control
  • —Binge eating is followed by compensatory behaviour of the purging type (self-induced vomiting, laxative abuse, diuretic abuse) or nonpurging type (excessive exercise, fasting, or strict diets).
  • —Binges and the resulting compensatory behaviour must occur a minimum of two times per week for three months
  • —Dissatisfaction with body shape and weight
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7
Q

What are the signs and symtpoms of Bulimia Nervosa?

A
  • —Mouth sores
  • —Pharyngeal trauma
  • —Dental caries
  • —Heartburn, chest pain
  • —Esophageal rupture - severe and repetitive vomiting.
  • —Impulsivity:
    • —Stealing
    • —Alcohol abuse
    • —Drugs/tobacco
  • —Muscle cramps
  • —Weakness
  • —Bloody diarrhoea
  • —Irregular periods
  • —Fainting
  • —Swollen parotid glands
  • —hypotension
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8
Q

Oultine binge eating disorder.

A
  • —Similar to bulimia nervosa; absence of purging behaviours.
  • —Ongoing and/or repetitive cycles often include
    • unusually fast eating, usually alone.
    • unusually large amounts consumed.
    • uncomfortably full; often “buzzed” after eating.
    • embarrassment, shame, guilt, depression.
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9
Q

How do people sufferenign from eating disroders avoid intaking calories?

A
  • Diets - vegetarian, vegan
  • Non touching food or greasy food
  • pickiness & “allergires”
  • Interpreting all symptoms as allergy or indigestion
  • Eat v slow, only at certain times
  • Avoid parties and social occasions
  • Spoiling or messing of food, bizarre combinations
  • Refusing to eat more than the least, rules about always finishing last
  • Medication abuse
    • Appetite suppressants
      • gum, cigs, alternative OTC etc.
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10
Q

How can being with eating disorders get ris of consumed calories?

A
  • Self-induced vomiting
  • Chewing & spitting out
  • Overexercise – often secret
  • Overactivity –
    • obsessive housework
    • fidgeting
    • twitching
    • never sitting down
    • fetching one item at a time
    • carrying heavy loads
  • Cooling – inadequate dress, open windows etc
  • Blood letting
  • Medication abuse –
    • including alternative, OTC & www medications
    • excessive caffeine and stimulant consumption – laxatives, ipecac, pain killers to allow exercise despite damage
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11
Q

What behaviours may be observed in those with eating disorders?

A
  • —‘Body-checking’– repeated weighing, mirror gazing, self-measurment, self-photographing, trying on particular tight clothes
  • —Displaying emaciation to elicit reassuringly shocked attention
  • —Cruising ‘pro-ana’ websites/facebooking/emailing fellow sufferers
  • —Competing with self and others to attain lower and lower targets
  • —Compulsive browsing of gossip magazines and websites – celebrities, ‘thinspirations’
  • —Deliberate self harm if ‘rules’ are broken
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12
Q

What are the psycological consequnces of eating disorders?

A
  • —The core psychopathology
    • extreme overvaluation of low weight & thin/lean shape
      • resembles religious belief, with the ‘adherents’ willing to sacrifice even other highly valued things to the cause
  • —Obsessive weight-losing feels like a solution, not a problem
  • —Cognitive style shows reduced central coherence & narrowed focus of interest – a difficulty in seeing the ‘bigger picture’
  • —And a starved person is unable to interpret emotion – as in Aspergers - but this does improve with better nutrition
  • Malnourished brains experience depression, anxiety, obsessionality and loss of concentration on anything but food.
  • Depression at low weight rarely responds to medication.
  • People who rely on eating-disordered behaviour to ‘solve’ their problems fail to develop other ways to cope with life, tolerate distress or feel rewarded and fulfilled
  • Anxiety eating in company, followed by guilt after eating.
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13
Q

What are the social consequences of eating disorders?

A
  • Eating disorders turn others into obstacles to their image etc.
  • Normal people are forced to
    • lie and cheat about eating concerns.
  • Suffer withdraw from friends and lose interests in sexual relationships.
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14
Q

What are the physcial consequences of eating disorders?

A
  • Starvation impact
    • physical damage
    • poor repair and resistance
    • heart damage
    • reduced immunity
    • to infections
    • anaemia
    • bone loss
    • fertility problems
  • Impact of purging behaviours
    • neurochemical disruption
      • special damage to the brain and heart
      • Potassium is only one crude measure of this
  • Wider impact on young people
    • growth impaired
    • height
    • pubertal development
    • brain growth impaired
      • These show why re-nutrition is so important in younger people.
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15
Q

What are some of the causes of anorexia?

A
  • —Genetic predisposition – OCD, anxiety disorders, perfectionism
  • —Perinatal factors
  • —Life events – and traumas
  • —Perpetuating consequences of starvation and of avoidance
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16
Q

What are some of the precipitating factors in anorexia?

A
  • Puberty
    • hormonal change on brain
  • Dieting, or non-deliberate weight loss
  • Increased exercise
  • Stressful life events
    • neglect
    • abuse
    • difficult transitions
    • death, loss separation
    • bullying
    • stress
17
Q

What are some perpetuating factors in anorexia?

A
  • Consequences of ‘starvation syndrome
    • —Delayed gastric emptying - sensations of fullness interpreted as fatness,
    • —narrowing focus with avoidance of interpersonal interest, change of values so that food becomes the most salient stimulus.
  • Obsessionality. Phobia of ‘fat’ increases as avoidance increases.
  • Body checking’ amplifies body image concern
  • Families, School, Clinic staff
    • —High EE in family(and other carers) may delay recovery (Butzlaff & Hooley, 1998)
18
Q

What is the link between death and anorexia nervosa?

A
  • Highest mortality of any psychiatric disorder.
  • Premature death
  • self harm and suicide feature
19
Q

What is the average time for recovery form anorexia?

A
  • 6-7 years
20
Q

How can eating disorers be managed?

A
  • Re-feeding - makes treatments more effective too.
  • CBT
  • Olanzapine (antipsycotic) - most patients feel reduced anxiety and intrusive thoughts.
  • Specialist therapy