EarthScience Flashcards
1
Q
Refers to the study of Earth
A
Earth Science
2
Q
Earth is also known as…
A
“planet of life”
3
Q
5 Characteristics of the Earth that make it habitable
A
Liquid water
Earth’s atmosphere
Presence of oxygen
Distance of the Earth from the Sun
Influence of the Moon on Earth
4
Q
What percentage of the Earth is covered in water?
A
75%
5
Q
What part of the Earth provides significant insulation and/or shielding from the Sun?
A
Earth’s atmosphere/ozone layer
6
Q
What is the ozone layer made up of and what are the percentages of its components?
A
Nitrogen - 78%
Oxygen - 21%
Argon - 0.93%
Carbon Dioxide - 0.04%
7
Q
What produces oxygen?
A
Plants
8
Q
It is the zone where life can flourish
A
Goldilock’s Zone
9
Q
Why do we not breathe in nitrogen?
A
Nitrogen is not bound to hemoglobin
10
Q
What does the moon cause on Earth?
A
Tides
11
Q
Four subsystems of the Earth
A
Atmosphere
Biosphere
Geosphere
Hydrosphere
12
Q
This refers to the layer of gases that surrounds the Earth
A
Atmosphere
13
Q
This is the lowest layer of the Earth and is 12km from the surface of the Earth
A
Troposphere
14
Q
What does the troposphere contain?
A
Airplanes, weather
15
Q
This is where the ozone layer resides and protects us from UV Rays
A
Stratosphere
16
Q
What is the chemical representation for ozone?
A
O3
17
Q
At which continent did CFCs create a hole above?
A
Antarctica
18
Q
This is the middlemost layer and is the coldest region
A
Mesosphere
19
Q
This is where the aurora borealis and australis reside
A
Thermosphere
20
Q
Aurora borealis ; ____ ; Aurora australis ; ____
A
Northern, Southern
21
Q
How are auroras formed?
A
Through solar rays comprised of ionized particles
22
Q
This is the boundary between earth and outerspace
A
Exosphere
23
Q
What does the exosphere contain?
A
Satellites, space probes
24
Q
This refers to the bodies of water on Earth’s surface
A
Hydrosphere
25
The largest ocean
Pacific Ocean
26
The largest lake
Caspian Sea
27
The largest river
Nile River
28
The highest waterfall
Angel Falls
29
Process that water is involved in
Water Cycle
30
The process of converting liquid to gas
Evaporation
31
The process of converting gas to liquid
Condensation
32
Rainfalll
Precipitation
33
This refers to the land masses on Earth's surface
Geosphere/Lithosphere
34
This causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
Plate Tectonics
35
The tallest mountain measuring from base to peak
Mauna Kea
36
The tallest mountain based on sea level
Everest
37
The tallest mountain in the solar system
Olympus
38
The thinnest layer of the Earth
Crust
39
Two types of crust
Oceanic
Continental
40
Denser crust
Oceanic
41
Thicker crust
Continental
42
The thickest layer of the Earth
Mantle
43
Layer of the mantle where the plates reside
Asthenosphere
44
This drives the tectonic plates
Convection current
45
Innermost layer of the Earth
Core
46
What is the core made out of?
Iron & Nickel
47
What does the inner core produce?
Magnetic field
48
Inner core ; ____ : Outer core : ____ (phase of matter)
solid, liquid
49
This is where all living organisms are classified
Biosphere
50
Give the hierarchy of life (in order)
atom > molecules/compounds > organelles > cells > tissue > organs > organ systems > organism > population > community > ecosystem > biome > biosphere
51
These are naturally occurring, inorganic, homogenous solids with definite chemical compositions and ordered internal crystalline structures
Minerals
52
Minerals are produced through different types of processes, such as?
volcanic-related activities
weathering
erosion
53
An inorganic component is due to the lack of ____ in the component
Carbon
54
What dictates a mineral's hue/color?
Composition
55
The color of a mineral in powdered form
Streak
56
A mineral's ability to resist scratching
Hardness
57
What is the hardness scale for minerals called?
Mohs Hardness Scale
58
Who is the proponent of the Mohs scale?
Friedrich Mohs
59
The behavior of a light as it is reflected by a mineral
Luster
60
The two sub-categories of Luster
Metallic & non-metallic
61
The minerals depend on the structure of the atoms, also known as?
Crystal-form or crystal-lattice
62
The tendency of a mineral to break along a certain direction
Cleavage
63
Where do cleavages usually occur?
Zones of Weakness
64
Three types of magnetism
Ferromagnetism
Diamagnetism
Paramagnetism
65
It refers to the ability of light to pass through a mineral
Diaphaneity
66
It refers to the smell of minerals
Odor
67
It refers to the ability of minerals to resist being broken into smaller pieces
Tenacity
68
The ability of minerals to be flattened
Malleability
69
The ability of minerals to be stretched
Ductility
70
The ability of minerals to resist being broken when applied with stress/pressure
Brittleness
71
Give the classification of minerals
Native Elements
Silicates
Oxides
Sulfides
Sulfates
Halides
Carbonates
72
Native element; Silver
__ ; Feldspar
__ ; Dolomite
__ ; Salt
__ ; Gypsum
__ ; Pyrite
Silicate
Carbonate
Halide
Sulfate
Sulfide
73
Aggregate of one or more materials which may or may not have organic materials
Rocks
74
Three types of rocks
Igneous
Metamorphic
Sedimentary
75
Two classifications of igneous rocks
Intrusive
Extrusive
76
Cooled down magma
Igneous
77
Cooled on earth's surface
Extrusive
78
Examples of extrusive igneous rocks
Obsidian, basalt
79
Cooled down inside earth's surface
Intrusive
80
Two types of Intrusive Igneous Rocks
Extensive & Complex Crystal
81
Examples of intrusive igneous rocks
Granite, diorite
82
Crevices in ___ igneous rocks are due to ____ escaping holes
extrusive, volcanic gases
83
Type of rock that changes the chemical composition over time
Metamorphic
84
What are the catalysts of the formation of metamorphic rocks?
Heat & Pressure
85
Two types of Metamorphic Rocks
Foliated & Non-foliated
86
Slate
Foliated
87
Marble
Non-Foliated
88
These are rocks made up of sediments that were compressed, hardened, and layered
Sedimentary
89
Three types of Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic
Chemical
Organic
90
These are made up of glass & weather debris
Clastic
91
This is made through precipitation/deposition
Chemical
92
These are made from living organisms
Organic
93
Rock salt, iron ore, flint, chert
Chemical
94
Sandstone, siltstone, shale
Clastic
95
Coal, pearls
Organic
96
Give the steps of sedimentary process (in order)
Weathering & Erosion
Transportation
Deposition
Diagenesis
97
Physical and chemical processes that form new rocks
Diagenesis
98
This refers to the settling of sediments in one place
Deposition
99
This refers to the moving of sediments to another place through natural phenomenon such as landslides
Transportation
100
Decomposition of rock materials without changing its location
Weathering
101
Give the Rock Cycle (in order)
Sediments > compression > Sedimentary rocks > heat & pressure > Metamorphic rocks > heating of rocks > magma > cooling of rocks > igneous rocks > weathering & erosion > back to sediments
102
Prevents tooth decay by protecting it from acids
Fluoride
103
What does saliva contain?
Enzymes
104
Mineral that is used in powders
Talc
105
Mineral that enhances the food's flavor and helps preserve it
Salt
106
It is used for cellphones, construction, airplanes, foil, and appliances
Aluminum
107
Why is aluminum commonly used in construction?
It is lightweight, strong, and its alloys don't rust & corrode easily
108
It is used for electrical wiring
Copper
109
Why is copper commonly used in electrical wiring?
It has low resistance/high conductivity and is ductile
110
It is commonly used in cosmetics
Mica
111
What does Mica contain?
Silica/silicate
112
It is what concrete is usually made up of
Limestone
113
It is what glass is made up of
Sand ; silica & quartz
114
It is what floor tiles are usually made out of
Granite & marble
115
What do cellphones usually contain?
silicon, aluminum, silver, gold
116
A natural rock or sediment where minerals are extracted
Ores
117
Refers to the totality of minerals, discovered and undiscovered
Resources
118
Refers to the portion of minerals that have been discovered
Reserves
119
This is the process of extracting a mineral
Mining
120
Open-pit, quarrying
Surface mining
121
The most common type of surface mining and is done by drilling a hole in the ground
Open-pit mining
122
The process of mining materials under bodies of water
Dredging
123
Utilizes explosive devices to strip mine underground
Underground mining
124
The process of separating rocks from the metals
Milling
125
The process of using heat and chemical reducing agents to decompose the ore
Smelting
126
This era is where the earliest coal was formed 300-400 million years ago
Carboniferous Period
127
When the fossils decomposed and piled up
50 to 100 million years ago
128
These are resources that are limited and are replenished over a long period of time
Non-renewable resources
129
It is the capacity to work
Energy
130
These are compressed & hardened decomposed organisms
Coal
131
Coal grades are based on the amount of ___
carbon
132
This is the highest coal grade
Anthracite
133
This is the second highest coal grade, has high heating value and is used for steam generation
Bituminous
134
It is 35-45% comprised of carbon
Subbituminous
135
It is the most abundant type of coal
Lignite
136
What is oil/petroleum made out of?
Algae
137
Resources that are abundant and can be replenished quickly
Renewable resources
138
Solar ; sun
__ ; Wind turbine
__ ; hot springs, volcano
__ ; dams, water wheels
__ ; organic matter
__ ; radioactive elements
Wind energy
Geothermal
Hydropower
Biomass
Nuclear
139
Why is nuclear energy long-lasting?
Because of radioactive decay (half-life)
140
This is the purest form of water
Rain water
141
Oceans, rivers, lakes, reservoirs
Surface water
142
Wells, tube well, water pumps
Underground water
143
Rocks having minute spaces where liquid or air can pass through
Porous
144
Activities that affect the availability of water
1. Degradation of the Ecosystem
2. Sedimentation
145
- clearance of forests
- conversion of natural landscapes to
farmland
- the growth of cities
- the building of roads
- surface mining
Degradation of the Ecosystem
146
- Weathering
- Erosion
- Farming
- Clearing forests
- Building roads
- Mining
Sedimentation
147
- can consist of sand, rocks,
and minerals, or may consist
of organic particles of plants and
microbes
Sediments
148
- naturally occurring
particles that develop as earth
materials are broken down
through weathering and
erosion
Sediments
149
THREE HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT
AFFECT THE QUALITY AND
QUANTITY OF SOIL
1. Farming
2. Construction
3. Waste Disposal
150
Waste Disposal
hazardous chemicals from human and industrial sewage are carelessly disposed, altering soil’s natural health and quality.
151
Farming
one of the traditional sources of income
in the country (40% of the population in
the Philippines) by planting crops and
raising livestock.
152
Construction
- Reduces soil quality (e.g., grading,
filling).
- Nutrients are washed away, unsuitable
for farming.
153
used to kill unwanted plants
Application of herbicide
154
provides stable optimum growing
conditions for plants
Lime and Mineral Fertilizers
155
provide a source of
food/energy for many soil organisms.
Organic Manures and Organic
Fertilizers
156
Provides water for crops.
Irrigation and Drainage
157
Harms soil microorganisms,
exposes them to predators.
Tillage
158
Long-term harmful effects
on soil.
Pesticides
159
- usually done to support
urbanization activities.
- can cause rapid soil degradation
and sedimentation.
Land Conversion
160
5 positive effects of farming
● Application of herbicide
● Lime and Mineral Fertilizers
● Organic Manures and Organic Fertilizers
● Irrigation and Drainage
161
2 negative effects of farming
● Tillage
● Pesticides
162
one of the most important
natural resources that require
conservation practices
Soil
163
7 Ways to Conserve Soil
1. Forest Protection
2. Buffer Strips
3. Plant Windbreak Areas
4. Plant Trees
5. Crop Rotation
6. Maintaining soil pH
7. No soil compacting
164
- They work in combination and serve a conservation purpose.
- These will work together to slow the force of wind over ground areas.
- This is a method that can also work to prevent erosion of the soil.
Plant Windbreak Areas
165
- A simple conservation method that some gardeners and farmers apply is not to compact the soil.
- This is a protection method that is helpful.
- You can do this by creating dedicated paths in your garden.
No Soil Compacting
166
-a process that works to conserve
soil
- It is accomplished by planting and growing a series of different crops in the same soil.
- This process prevents overgrowth
of pathogens and a lack of fertility
in the soil, overall.
Crop Rotation
167
The contamination of soil by
addition of acidic or basic
pollutants and due to acid rains
has an adverse effect on the soil
pH.
Maintaining Soil pH
168
Trees as well as other plants and
vegetation in the forest are
important in the creation of new
soil as leaves and other vegetation
rot and decompose. Hence, soil
qualities are ensured when forests
are protected and conserved.
Forest Protection
169
- As the tree grows, its roots become
even more secure in the soil.
- This soil is protected in numerous
ways because of the trees'
existence.
- Erosion is prevented from this
planting process.
Plant Trees
170
- They provide protection where
stream banks exist.
- They can be created with grass,
trees and shrubs.
Buffer Strips
171
are strips or corridors of
permanent vegetation used to
reduce water and wind erosion.
Buffers
172
are composed of shrubs, plants and trees.
Windbreaks
173
is an indicator of the level of nutrients in soil.
Soil pH
174
It is a mixture of mineral
particles, organic matter, air, water
and living organisms.
- It is the foundation of terrestrial
ecosystem.
Soil
175
4 Major Components of Soil
- 45% Mineral Matter
- 25% Water
- 5% Organic Matter
- 25% Air
176
In a good quality surface soil,
___ and ___ matter
generally make up half (50%) the
mixture.
Mineral and Organic
177
The other half consists of pore
spaces where ___ and ___
circulate generally in equally
amounts
Air and Water
178
Six Layers of the Soil
Organic Layer (O Horizon)
Topsoil (A Horizon)
Eluviation Layer (E Horizon)
Subsoil (B Horizon)
Parent Rock (C Horizon)
Bedrock (R Horizon)
Old Angry Elephants Break Cars Randomly
179
➔ This layer consists of nutrients leached from 0 and A horizons.
➔ Leaching of clay, minerals, and organic matter leaves this layer with a high concentration of sand, slit particles, quartz, and other resistant materials.
➔ is absent in most soils but is more
common in forested areas.
ELUVIATION LAYER (E HORIZON)
180
➔ This layer is the uppermost layer of the soil rich in organic matter, such as the remains of plants and dead animals.
➔ Due to high organic content, this layer is typically black brown or dark brown.
➔ thin in some soil, thick in some others, or absent in the rest
ORGANIC LAYER (O HORIZON)
181
➔ It is lighter in color than the topsoil due to lower humus content.
➔ However, it is more rigid and compact. This layer has less organic content but is rich in minerals that are leached down from the topsoil.
➔ Is the region of deposition of certain minerals and salts of certain metals.
SUBSOIL (B HORIZON)
182
➔ Found beneath all the layers, it consists of un-weathered igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.
➔ It is highly compact.
➔ Granite, basalt, quartzite, sandstone, and limestone make up this.
BEDROCK (R HORIZON)
183
➔ It has a dark brown color as it contains the maximum organic matter of the soil.
➔ This is the region of intense
biological activity and has the most
nutrients.
➔ The humus makes this layer highly
porous, allowing it to hold air and
moisture necessary for seed germination.
TOPSOIL (A HORIZON)
184
➔ Also known as regolith or saprolite. All the upper layers developed from this layer.
➔ is devoid of any organic matter and is made of broken-up bedrocks, making it hard.
➔ Plant roots do not penetrate this layer. This layer is a transition between the inner layer of earth and the upper A and B horizons.
PARENT ROCK (C HORIZON)
185
when water washes nutrients and minerals from the topsoil to lower soil layers
Leaching
186
a dark, nutrient-rich material that
improves soil fertility and structure
Humus
187
➔ biological activity; ____
➔ decomposition;____
> nitrogen, carbon cycle
> decomposers-nutrients
188
Mix top soil with sub soil (rich in
minerals)
Tilling
189
4 FACTORS AFFECTING THE
FORMATION OF SOIL
1. Topography
2. Climate
3. Organisms
4. Parental Material
190
➔ starting point for most soil development. When this is exposed to the atmosphere or when organic
matter and/or minerals are deposited on the earth's surface.
➔ geologic material from which soil
horizons form.
PARENTAL MATERIAL
191
➔ It is the slope of the ground
surface.
➔ Soils on the tops of hills tend to be
deep, but lighter in color, due to
downward leaching losses.
➔ Soils in the valleys tend to be
deeper, darker, and contain more
horizons.
Topography
192
➔ They increase fertility of soil and
help in maintaining structure and
aeration of soil.
➔ They contribute to humus
production.
Organisms
193
➔ It directly and indirectly
affects soil formation.
➔ Less development occurs in drier
areas because as water quickly
moves into and through a soil it
increases the rate of weathering of
soil materials.
Climate
194
introducing air into the
soil
Aeration
195
SIX PHILIPPINE MAJOR SOIL TYPE
A. Ultisols
B. Alfisols
C. Inceptisols
D. Vertisols
E. Entisols
F. Oxisols
Ugly Apes In Vietnam Eating Oranges
196
➢ Moderately leached soils that have high fertility.
➢ Have formed primarily under forest.
➢ Found mostly in temperate humid and subhumid regions of the world.
B. ALFISOLS
* llocos Sur, llocos Norte, Batanes - old river, plateaus - fruit trees, banana
197
➢ These soils developed in unconsolidated parent material with usually no genetic horizons except an A horizon
➢ These are found in steep, rocky settings.
➢ However, large percentage of it provide cropland and habitat for millions of people worldwide.
E. ENTISOLS
* Zambales, Palawan, Samar - coastal areas, floodplains, rough roads - fruits trees, coconut, rice
198
➢ Clay-rich soils that shrink and swell with changes in moisture content.
➢ During dry periods, the soil volume
shrinks and deep wide cracks form.
➢ The soil volume then expands as it wets up.
D. VERTISOLS
* Bulacan, Cavite, Bataan, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, La Union - alluvial plains and terraces -rice and some vegetables
199
➢ Strongly leached and acidic forest soils with low fertility.
➢ Found primarily in humid temperate and tropical areas.
➢ Intense weathering of primary minerals has occurred, much (Ca), (Mg), and (K) has been leached from these soils.
➢ Often with strong yellowish or reddish colors resulting from the presence of iron (Fe) oxides.
A. ULTISOLS
* Rizal, Laguna, Zambales - mountains or hills - pineapple, cassava, or banana
200
➢ Exhibit minimal horizon development
➢ Often found on fairly steep slopes, in
mountainous areas and are used for
forestry, recreation, and watershed.
C. INCEPTISOLS
* Iloilo, Pangasinan, Zambales, Mindoro, Palawan
- alluvial plains, terraces, hills - fruit trees, rice, other crops
201
➢ These are very highly weathered soils
that are found primarily in the
intertropical regions of the world.
➢ These soils contain few weatherable
minerals and are often rich in iron (Fe)
and aluminum (Al) oxide minerals.
F. OXISOLS
* Rizal, Quezon, Palawan - mountains - talahib, shrubs
202
reddish in color means...
- presence of iron
203
unwanted or unusable materials
which are disposed of or are
intended to be disposed of or are
required to be disposed of by the
provisions of national law.
Waste
204
Waste according to Form
- Solid Waste
- Liquid Waste
- Gaseous Waste
205
- usually originates from chopping and
dissolution operations.
- for example, volatile radionuclides are
discharged to the stack after scrubbing
with sodium hydroxide and filtration
through charcoal filter devices.
Gaseous Waste
206
- commercial and industrial wastes such as plastics, styrofoam papers, scrap won, and sludge from a wastewater treatment plant or air control facility
Solid Waste
207
- such as chemicals, oils, and wastewater from ponds and manufacturing industries
- includes sewage as well as wastewater
from industrial processes and agricultural processing.
Liquid Waste
208
Its main objective is to reduce the quantity and type of hazardous substances used to avoid adverse impact on human health and environment.
Waste Management
209
ways of minimizing gaseous waste.
Electrostatic precipitation, wet scrubbers and gaseous waste treatment
210
Transformation of waste into usable secondary products can be done through...
recycling, reusing, repurposing, reducing, and recovering.
211
Wastes according to generation
Municipal Solid Wastes
Industrial Wastes
Agricultural Wastes
Fishery Wastes
Radioactive Wastes
Biomedical Wastes
E-Wastes
Mad Iguanas Are Fighting Racist Bunnies Everywhere
212
Solid wastes that include household garbage, rubbish, construction and demolition debris, sanitation residues, packaging materials, trade refuges, and others managed by any municipality.
Municipal Solid Wastes
213
Liquid and solid wastes that are generated by manufacturing and processing units of various industries like chemical, petroleum, coal, metal, gas, sanitary, and papers.
Industrial Wastes
214
- Wastes generated from farming activities.
- These substances are mostly biodegradable.
Agricultural Wastes
215
- Waste generated due to fishery activities like fish viscera, fish bones, and scales.
- These are extensively found in coastal and estuarine areas.
Fishery Wastes
216
- Wastes containing radioactive materials. These are commonly byproducts of nuclear processes.
- Sometimes industries that are not directly involved in nuclear activity may also produce some radioactive waste such as radio isotopes and chemical sludge.
Radioactive Wastes
217
Solid or liquid wastes including containers, intermediate or end products generated during diagnosis, treatment, and research activities of medical sciences.
Biomedical Wastes
218
It's generated from any modern
establishments. They may be described as discarded electrical or electronic devices. Some electronic scrap components such as CRTs may contain contaminants such as lead, cadmium, and beryllium or brominated flame retardants.
E-Wastes
219
Waste Disposal Practices
➢ Landfills
➢ Dump
➢ Compost Pit
➢ Material Recovery Facility (MRF)
220
➢ Contains sharp materials that can
cause a cut or puncture wounds
➢ Examples of sharp materials are
needles or syringe, scalpel blades,
ampules, test tubes, broken
glasses, and capillary tubes.
Red
221
➢ It contains biodegradable wastes
like leftover food, used cooking oil,
fish entrails, scale, fins, fruits,
vegetable peelings, rotten fruits,
and vegetables.
Green
222
➢ It contains radioactive wastes or
medical equipment contaminated
or exposed to radioactivity.
➢ The Health Care Waste
Management specified items such
as disused sealed radiation
sources, liquid and gaseous
materials contaminated with
radioactivity, excreta of patients
who underwent radionuclide
diagnostic and therapeutic
applications and tap water
washings of such paraphernalia.
Orange
223
➢ It contains non-biodegradable
wastes like paper or paper
products (newspaper, tetra packs,
etc.), bottles (glass and plastics),
and packaging materials (Styropor,
candy wrapper, aluminum cans).
Black
224
It contains infectious and
pathological wastes such as used
test strips, used beads or plates,
used reaction pads or foils, used
swabs, used gloves, used cord
clamp, used plaster, used masks.
Yellow
225
