earthquakes test Flashcards
an earthquake that occurs after a large earthquake in the same area
aftershock
a rock that bends upward into an arch
anticline
is designed to reduce the amount of energy that reaches the building during an earthquake
Base-isolated building
squeezes rock until it folds or breaks
compression
uses a wire stretched across a strike-slip fault to measure horizontal movements of the ground
creep meter
what you should do if you are in an earthquake
drop-cover-hold
the point on the surface where the earthquake occurred
epicenter
a block of rock that rises between two normal faults
fault-block mountain
capable of bending easily without breaking
flexible
the point at which a rock under stress breaks and triggers an earthquake
focus/hypocenter
the rock that lies below a fault
footwall
a device that measures tiny movements of markers set up on the opposite sides of the fault
GPS Satellites
the block of rock that lies above the fault
Hanging walls
rocks lock together the fault no longer moves once the force is greater than friction an earthquake occurs and the fault breaks
high-friction faults
a device that bounces laser beams off a reflector to detect fault movements
laser-ranging device
an earthquake’s violent shaking suddenly turns loose, soft soil into mud
liquefaction
rates earthquakes according to the level of damage at a given place
Mercalli Scale
a rating system that estimates the total energy released by an earthquake
Moment-magnitude scale
a fault in which one part of the rock is above another part and slip downward when movements occurs
normal fault
compress and expand the ground like an accordion
p waves
a large land area of flat land elevated high above sea level
plateau
the hanging wall slides up and over the footwall
reverse fault
rating of an earthquake’s magnitude based on the size on the earthquake’s seismic waves
richter scale
vibrate from side to side and up and down very violently
s waves
carry the energy of an earthquake all the way from the focus, through Earth’s interior and across the surface
seismic waves
the record of an earthquake’s seismic waves produced by a seismograph
seismograph
pushes a mass of rock in two opposite directions
shearing
any force that acts on a rock to change its shape or volume
stress
the rock on either side of the fault slip past each other sideways with little up and down motion
Strike-slip fault
the slowest wave that shakes buildings from side to side
Syncline-
surface waves
a fold in rock that bends downwards to form a valley
syncline
pulls on the crust stretching rock so it becomes thinner in the middle
tension
measures tilting or rising of the ground and it works like a carpenter’s level
tiltmeter
the water displaced by the earthquake may form a large wave
tsunami
What is the fact that adds energy to a rock?
stress
Which kind of force/stress creates which type of fault?
shearing = strike slip fault tension = normal fault compression = reverse fault
What is the proper name for P waves?
primary waves
What is the proper name for S waves?
secondary waves
Which wave is faster? S waves or P waves
p waves
How does one go about estimating earthquake risk?
we find the active faults and look back in history
Why can’t we predict earthquakes?
we don’t know when or where the seismic energy will release
What do most earthquake deaths relate from?
damage building
Which seismic wave can travel through both solids and liquids?
P waves
What can earthquake damage be reduced by?
building flexibility
