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Science > Chapter 9 Plate Tectonics > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Plate Tectonics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Asthenosphere

A

soft layer of rock in the mantle

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2
Q

Conduction

A

heat transfer by direct contact of particles of matter

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3
Q

Continental drift

A

the idea that continents slowly moved over Earths surface

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4
Q

Convection

A

heat transfer by the movement of a heated fluid

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5
Q

Convergent boundary

A

when two plates come together

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6
Q

Deep-ocean trench

A

an underwater canyon where subduction occurs

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7
Q

Divergent boundary

A

when two plates move apart from each other

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8
Q

Density

A

a measure of how much mass there is in a volume of a substance

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9
Q

Fault

A

breaks in Earths crust where rocks have slipped past each other

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10
Q

Fossil

A

persevered remains or any trace of an ancient organism preserved in rock

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11
Q

Lithosphere

A

the uppermost part of the mantle that is rigid

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12
Q

Mid-ocean ridge

A

a chain of underwater mountains along which sea floor spreading occurs

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13
Q

Pangaea

A

a super continent meaning “all the lands”

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14
Q

Plate tectonics

A

the geological theory that states that pieces of the Earths lithosphere are constant, slow motion, driven by convection currents in the mantle

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15
Q

Radiation

A

the transfer of energy through empty space

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16
Q

Rift valley

A

a deep valley on land that forms along a divergent valley

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17
Q

Sea-floor spreading

A

the process that continually adds new material to the ocean floor

18
Q

Seismic waves

A

a wave produced by an earthquake

19
Q

Sonar

A

a device that bounces sound waves off underwater objects and than records the echoes of these sound wave

20
Q

Subduction

A

the process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle

21
Q

Transform Boundary

A

when two plates slip past each other moving in opposite directions

22
Q

What is the evidence that was used to support the theory of continental drift?

A

land features-mountain ranges in Africa matches with a range in Argentina/coal field in Europe is also in North America
fossils-similar fossil are found on different continents
climate changes- scratches made in rocks from glaciers/fossils of tropical plants are found in polar climates

23
Q

What is the layers of Earth from surface to center?

A

crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

(lithosphere, asthenosphere: two parts of the mantle)

24
Q

What is the general composition/condition of each of Earth’s layers?

A

crust-Earth’s outer skin that is a solid layer of rock that includes both dry land and the ocean floor
mantle:
lithosphere-the uppermost part of the mantle that is rigid
asthenosphere-the lower part of the mantle
inner core-a dense ball of solid metal
outer core-a layer of molten metal
they vary in size, composition, temperature and pressure

25
Q

What causes the movement of Earth’s tectonic plates?

A

convection currents

26
Q

What generates Earth’s magnetic fields?

A

movements in the liquid outer core

27
Q

What happens when a heat source is removed from a fluid?

A

the convection current stops

28
Q

What is direct evidence of Earth’s interior?

A

rock samples

29
Q

What is indirect evidence of Earth’s interior?

A

seismic waves

30
Q

What is the relationship between pressure and depth?

A

proportional relationship-when one goes up the other goes up/one goes down the other goes down

31
Q

What is the results of collisions between Earth’s tectonic plates?

A

oceanic and oceanic = subduction
oceanic and continental= oceanic plunges beneath the continental crust
continental and continental= collision head on

32
Q

Where are Mid-ocean ridges found?

A

deep underwater

33
Q

Where does sea-floor spreading occur?

A

Mid-Ocean ridges

34
Q

Where does subduction occur?

A

where trenches are

35
Q

Why is the old oceanic crust more dense than new oceanic crust?

A

the old oceanic crust has a longer time to cool making it denser

36
Q

Why was Wegener’s theory originally rejected?

A

Wegener could not provide a satisfactory explanation for the force that pushes or pulls the continents

37
Q

What three factors set convection currents in motion?

A

temperature difference, change in density, pull of gravity

38
Q

What are the four steps within a convection current?

A
  1. heats 2. rises 3. cools 4. sinks
39
Q

How many years ago did Pangaea exist?

A

300 million years ago

40
Q

How manny years has it been since Pangaea began to break apart?

A

225 million years

41
Q

Convection currents form in what part of Earth’s atmosphere?

A

troposphere

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