Earthquakes and Volcanoes Flashcards

1
Q

ring of fire

A

a path along the Pacific Ocean characterized by active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes.

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2
Q

Strike-slip fault

A

a fault in which rock strata are displaced mainly in a horizontal direction, parallel to the line of the fault.

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3
Q

Normal fault

A

a type of dip-slip fault where the hanging wall moves downwards from the footwall.

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4
Q

Reverse fault

A

the block above the fault moves up relative to the block below the fault

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5
Q

P-waves

A

one of the two main types of elastic body waves, called seismic waves in seismology.

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6
Q

S-waves

A

transverse waves that travel slower than P-waves.

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7
Q

epicenter

A

the point on the earth’s surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake.

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8
Q

focus

A

the center of interest or activity.

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9
Q

Richter magnitude scale

A

a measure of the strength of earthquakes, developed by Charles Francis Richter and presented in his landmark 1935 paper, where he called it the “magnitude scale”

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10
Q

explosive volcano

A

an explosive eruption is a volcanic eruption of the most violent type.

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11
Q

nonexplosive volcano

A

appears to result from rapid, sub-surface gas release from magma ascending as a permeable foam.

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12
Q

Krakatoa

A

a caldera in the Sunda Strait between the islands of Java and Sumatra in the Indonesian province of Lampung

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13
Q

Yellowstone supervolcano

A

a volcanic caldera and supervolcano in Yellowstone National Park in the Western United States

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14
Q

San Andreas fault

A

a continental transform fault that extends roughly 1,200 kilometers through California. It forms the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate, and its motion is right-lateral strike-slip

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15
Q

Mid-oceanic ridge

A

a seafloor mountain system formed by plate tectonics. It typically has a depth of about 2,600 meters and rises about 2,000 meters above the deepest portion of an ocean basin. This feature is where seafloor spreading takes place along a divergent plate boundary

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16
Q

shield volcano

A

a broad domed volcano with gently sloping sides, characteristic of the eruption of fluid, basaltic lava.

17
Q

cinder cone volcano

A

a steep conical hill of loose pyroclastic fragments, such as volcanic clinkers, volcanic ash, or scoria that has been built around a volcanic vent. The pyroclastic fragments are formed by explosive eruptions or lava fountains from a single, typically cylindrical, vent

18
Q

composite volcano

A

a composite volcano, is a conical volcano built up by many layers of hardened lava and tephra.

19
Q

hot spot

A

a small area or region with a relatively hot temperature in comparison to its surroundings.

20
Q

Mt. Vesuvius

A

a somma-stratovolcano located on the Gulf of Naples in Campania, Italy, about 9 km east of Naples and a short distance from the shore. It is one of several volcanoes forming the Campanian volcanic arc