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Earth and Life Science Flashcards

1
Q

It is the center and the hottest part of the earth.

A

Inner core

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2
Q

It regulates the greenhouse effect that causes global warming. It contains 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% argon.

A

Atmosphere

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3
Q

It is the layer that lies after the lithosphere beneath earth’s surface.

A

Asthenosphere

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4
Q

It is the outer layer of the Earth.

A

Crust

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5
Q

It is the layer surrounding the inner core.

A

Outer Core

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6
Q

It is the widest section of the earth, it has a thickness of approximately 2,900 km.

A

Mantle

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7
Q

The earth is made up of more than __ of water.

A

70%

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8
Q

Earth is also known as __.

A

Blue Planet

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9
Q

There are __ layers in the Earth’s Atmosphere.

A

5

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10
Q

It is the outermost solid layer of Earth; less than 1% of Earth’s mass.

A

Crust

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11
Q

Located between the core and the crust; a region of hot, slow-flowing, solid rock; 67% of Earth’s mass.

A

Mantle

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12
Q

The liquid layer of the Earth’s core; lies beneath the mantle and surrounds the inner core.

A

Outer core

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13
Q

The solid, dense center of our planet

A

Inner core

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14
Q

Made of two parts-the crust and the rigid, upper part of the mantle.

A

Lithosphere

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15
Q

A layer of weak or soft mantle that is made of rock that flows slowly.

A

Asthenosphere

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16
Q

The strong, lower part of the mantle.

A

Mesosphere

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17
Q

3 compositional layers of the Earth

A
  • Crust
  • Mantle
  • Core
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18
Q

Physical layers of the Earth

A
  • Lithosphere
  • Asthenosphere
  • Mesosphere
  • Outer core
  • Inner core
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19
Q

First element in the universe.

A

Helium

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20
Q

Second element in the universe.

A

Hydrogen

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21
Q

It is about 13.8 billion years of age. It is defined as all existing matter and space considered as a whole.

A

Universe

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22
Q

Universe is ____ years of age.

A

13.8 billion

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23
Q

2 Perspectives/Views on the existence of the universe

A
  • Scientific View

- Supernatural View (Bible view)

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24
Q

Who are the proponents of the Big Bang theory? On what year?

A
  • Alexander Friedman
  • George Lamaitre
  • 1920
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25
Q

A theory that says the universe came to existence due to random fluctuation in an empty void, then there was a great explosion or expansion.

A

Big Bang Theory

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26
Q

Evidence of the Big Bang theory, that shows the electromagnetic radiation leftover from the time of recombination in this cosmology. This radiation was thought to be the oldest remnant of the big bang.

A

Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

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27
Q

6 events that happened during the Big Bang Timeline (in order)

A
  1. Inflationary Epoch
  2. Formation of the Universe
  3. Formation of the Basic Elements
  4. Radiation Era
  5. Matter domination
  6. Birth of the stars and galaxies
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28
Q

The universe expanded from the size of an atomic nucleus to 10³⁵ meters in width. (Part of the Big Bang Timeline)

A

Inflationary Epoch

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29
Q

How long did the Inflationary Epoch last?

A

10⁻³⁵ to 10⁻³³ seconds

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30
Q

The universe continued to expand. It became distinct, processing gravity, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, and electromagnetic force. (Part of the Big Bang Timeline)

A

Formation of the Universe

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31
Q

How long did the Formation of the Universe last?

A

10⁻⁶ seconds

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32
Q

Protons and neutrons combined to form hydrogen nuclei. Then, hydrogen nuclei began to combine in pairs to form helium nucleic – nucleosynthesis. (Part of the Big Bang Timeline)

A

Formation of the Basic Elements

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33
Q

How long did the Formation of the Basic Elements last?

A

3 seconds

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34
Q

What formed when the hydrogen nuclei began to combine in pairs? (Formation of the Basic Elements)

A

helium nucleic (nucleosynthesis)

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35
Q

Most energy in the universe was in the form of radiation. These include different wavelengths of light, X-rays, radio waves, and ultraviolet rays — the cosmic microwave background radiation. (Part of the Big Bang Timeline)

A

Radiation Era

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36
Q

How long did Radiation Era last?

A

10,000 years

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37
Q

Matter began to dominate at the end of the radiation era. At this stage, lithium atom began to be formed. Electrons joined with hydrogen and helium nuclei to make small neutral atoms. (Part of the Big Bang Timeline)

A

Matter Domination

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38
Q

How long did Matter Domination last?

A

300,000 years

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39
Q

The slightly irregular areas of gas cloud gravitationally attracted nearby matter and became denser which collapsed and eventually gained enough mass and produce light that gave birth to dozens of stars and later on became the galaxies.

A

Birth of the Stars and Galaxies

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40
Q

How long did Birth of the Stars and Galaxies last?

A

300 million years

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41
Q

Enumerate the other 9 scientific theories on the formation of the universe.

A
  1. Steady State Universe Theory
  2. Oscillating Universe Theory
  3. Nebular Hypothesis/Planetesimal Theory
  4. Fission Theory
  5. Capture Theory
  6. Accretion Theory
  7. Planetary Collision Theory
  8. Stellar Collision Theory
  9. Gas Cloud Theory
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42
Q

New matter is quietly but continually appearing out of nothing from the spaces in the galaxies.

A

Steady State Universe Theory

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43
Q

Another big bang will occur when the universe starts to run down.

A

Oscillating Universe Theory

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44
Q

As gas swirled around, eddies of gas caused the formation of the sun and the planets.

A

Nebular Hypothesis/Planetesimal Theory

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45
Q

Bursting of the sun sent out the planets and moons.

A

Fission Theory

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46
Q

Planets and moons were wandering around and were captured by the sun.

A

Capture Theory

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47
Q

Small chunks of materials gradually combined and formed Earth, then more chunks formed the sun.

A

Accretion Theory

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48
Q

Earth collided with a small planet, producing the moon.

A

Planetary Collision Theory

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49
Q

Two stars collided and formed the planets and moons.

A

Stellar Collision Theory

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50
Q

Gas clouds were pulled by sun’s gravity then formed into planets and moons.

A

Gas Cloud Theory

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51
Q

Ancient Greek believed this model before the Big Bang Theory was introduced.

A

Geocentric Model

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52
Q

This model explained why the stars seem to move around the Earth, but the problem was that some of the planets seem to move backwards instead of the usual forward around Earth.

A

Geocentric Model

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53
Q

He used the systems of circles to describe the movement of planets around the Earth.

A

Ptolemy (AD 150)

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54
Q

The small circle where a planet moves is called an _____. (Ptolemic model)

A

Epicycle

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55
Q

The epicycle turn moves around a big circle called ____. (Ptolemic model)

A

Deferent

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56
Q

The Hindu text ____ describes the universe as an oscillating universe in which a “cosmic egg” or Brahmanda containing the whole universe expanded out of a single concentrated point called Bindu, and will eventually collapse again.

A

Rigveda

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57
Q

The Hindu text Rigveda describes the universe as an oscillating universe in which a “____” or ____ containing the whole universe expanded out of a single concentrated point called Bindu, and will eventually collapse again.

A

cosmic egg, Brahmanda

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58
Q

The Hindu text Rigveda describes the universe as an oscillating universe in which a “cosmic egg” or Brahmanda containing the whole universe expanded out of a single concentrated point called ____, and will eventually collapse again.

A

Bindu

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59
Q

The giant planets of the outer solar system (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune) are often referred to as ______.

A

Jovian planets

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60
Q

_____ is stated in the Bible which God created the heaven and earth says in the book of Genesis 1:1.

A

Supernatural view

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61
Q

It is made up of all the planets that orbit our Sun - consists of moons, comets, asteroids, minor planets, dust, and gas.

A

Solar System

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62
Q

It contains around 98% of all the material in the Solar System. Its powerful gravity attracts all the other objects in the Solar System towards it.

A

Sun

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63
Q

Enumerate the 5 Solar System Formation Theories

A
  1. Descartes’s Vortex Theory
  2. Buffon’s Collision Theory
  3. Kant-Laplace Nebular Theory
  4. Jean-Jeffrey’s Tidal Theory
  5. Solar Nebular Theory
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64
Q

He was a French mathematician and physicist, and one of the first proponents of a model on the origin of the solar system.

A

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

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65
Q

The Solar System was formed into bodies with nearly circular orbits because of the whirlpool-like motion in the pre-solar materials — the planet as primary whirlpool motion and the moon/satellites as the secondary whirlpool motion.

A

Descartes’ Vortex Theory

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66
Q

He was a French naturalist in the 18th century who proposed that the planets were formed by the collision of the sun with a giant comet.

A

George Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1701-1788)

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67
Q

This theory states that the planets were formed by the collision of the sun with a giant comet. The resulting debris formed into planets that rotate in the same direction as they revolved around the sun.

A

Buffon’s Collision Theory

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68
Q

They suggested that a great cloud of gas and dust called nebula, begins to collapse because of gravitational pull.

A

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) and Pierre Simon Laplace (1749-1827)

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69
Q

This theory states that a great cloud of gas and dust called nebula, begins to collapse because of gravitational pull. As the cloud contracted, it spun more rapidly until it flattens into a pancake-shaped object with a bulge in the center.

A

Kant-Laplace Nebular Theory

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70
Q

A great cloud of gas and dust.

A

Nebula

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71
Q

They suggested a dualistic theory in which the sun and planets were produced by different mechanisms. They proposed that the planets were forced from the substance that was torn out of the sun.

A

Sir James Hopwood Jeans (1877-1946) and Harold Jeffrey (1891-1989)

72
Q

A dualistic theory in which the sun and planets were produced by different mechanisms. It states that the planets were forced from the substance that was torn out of the sun.

A

Jean-Jeffrey’s Tidal Theory

73
Q

The Solar System was formed as a result of the condensation of hydrogen gas and dust referred to as interstellar gas and dust cloud.

A

Solar Nebular Theory

74
Q

Different stages in the formation of the planets

A
  1. Planetesimals

2. Protoplanets

75
Q

Accretion of grain-sized particles to form centimeter-sized particles which would grow later to several kilometers in diameter.

A

Planetesimals

76
Q

Formation of more massive objects from coalescing planetesimals would later become the planets.

A

Protoplanets

77
Q

Enumerate the other celestial bodies found in the Solar System

A
  1. Asteroids
  2. Ceres
  3. Comets
  4. Kuiper Belt
  5. Oort Cloud
78
Q

They are made up of rocks and are sometimes referred to as minor planets.

A

Asteroids

79
Q

They tend to aggregate in the main asteroid belt which is located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

A

Asteroids

80
Q

The first known asteroid.

A

Ceres

81
Q

They are composed mainly of ice (frozen water and gas) and nonvolatile dust (silicate minerals and carbon grains).

A

Comets

82
Q

They originated from two regions of the outer Solar System.

A

Comets

83
Q

It is often called the Solar System’s “final frontier” because it is at the outermost region in the Solar System.

A

Kuiper Belt

84
Q

Short period comets like Halley’s comet come from this region and they orbit the sun in less than 200 years.

A

Kuiper Belt

85
Q

It is located farther than Kuiper Belt and therefore remained unexplored.

A

Oort cloud

86
Q

Long period comets are though to originate from this region and have orbits ranging from 200 years up to millions of years.

A

Oort cloud

87
Q

3 Classifications of Planets

A
  1. Terrestial Planets
  2. Jovian Planets
  3. Dwarf Planets
88
Q

They are Earth-like planets, which include Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.

A

Terrestial planets

89
Q

Sometimes called the inner planets.

A

Terrestial planets

90
Q

Composed mostly of dense, rocky and metallic materials.

A

Terrestial planets

91
Q

They are Jupiter-like planets which include Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

A

Jovian planets

92
Q

They are referred to as gas planets and are made up mostly of hydrogen and helium.

A

Jovian planets

93
Q

A celestial body that has the following characteristics:

  • Is in orbit around the Sun.
  • Has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a nearly round-shape.
  • Has not cleared the neighborhood around it.
  • Is not a satellite.
A

Dwarf planet

94
Q

It is considered as dwarf planet by the International Astronomers Union in August 24, 2006.

A

Pluto

95
Q

Pluto is considered as dwarf planet by the International Astronomers Union in ___.

A

August 24, 2006

96
Q

2 major requirements for a planet to be considered habitable:

A
  1. The star should survive long enough for its planets to develop life.
  2. The planet should exist in a region where water could remain liquid - the “Goldilocks Zone”.
97
Q

It is made up of tectonic plates, which are in constant motion.

A

Crust

98
Q

Earthquakes and volcanoes are most likely to occur at ____.

A

Plate boundaries

99
Q

7 Criteria for Life to Exist

A
  1. Surface Temperature
  2. Presence of Carbon
  3. Water
  4. Energy
  5. Time
  6. Recycling
  7. Atmosphere
100
Q

The right ____ is needed to enable water to remain in its liquid for, which is necessary to maintain life.

A

Surface Temperature

101
Q

Its unique properties is the basis of life. It has 4 valence electrons which enables it to easily bond with other carbon atoms and create long complex molecules and polymers such as lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acid.

A

Presence of Carbon

102
Q

This is an excellent solvent, capable of dissolving many substances.

A

Water

103
Q

Life needs ___, without this, virtually anything wouldn’t happen. Earth is in a perfect region where sunlight drives photosynthesis in plants.

A

Energy

104
Q

Earth is about 4.6 billion years old and counting, long enough for life to evolve.

A

Time

105
Q

Plate tectonics is vital for a world to host life, and essential in recycling molecules.

A

Recycling

106
Q

The age of Earth.

A

≈ 4.6 billion years old

107
Q

It helps trap heat from the sun to keep Earth warm.

A

Carbon Dioxide

108
Q

It contains 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% argon. Radiation from the sun is trapped by this.

A

Atmosphere

109
Q

Atmosphere properties

A
  • 78% Nitrogen
  • 21% Oxygen
  • 1% Argon
110
Q

It is solid and made up of iron and nickel with temperatures of up to 5,500°C.

A

Inner Core

111
Q

Inner Core Properties

A

Iron and Nickel

112
Q

Temperature of the Inner Core

A

5,500°C

113
Q

The engine room of the Earth

A

Inner Core

114
Q

It is a liquid layer, also made up of iron and nickel. It is still extremely hot, with temperatures similar to the inner core.

A

Outer Core

115
Q

Outer Core Properties

A

Iron and Nickel

116
Q

It has a thickness of approximately 2,900 km.

A

Mantle

117
Q

Thickness of the Mantle

A

≈ 2,900 km

118
Q

The mantle is made up of semi-molten rock called ___.

A

Magma

119
Q

It is a thin layer between 0-60 km thick.

A

Crust

120
Q

Thickness of the Crust

A

0-60 km thick

121
Q

It plays a critical role in the movement of plates on surface of Earth according to the plate tectonic theory.

A

Asthenosphere

122
Q

The upper boundary that separates the upper mantle from Earth’s crust is defined by the sudden increase in seismic velocity.

A

Moho Boundary

123
Q

2 types of Crust

A
  • Continental Crust

- Oceanic Crust

124
Q

This crust carries land.

A

Continental Crust

125
Q

This crust carries water.

A

Oceanic Crust

126
Q

Planets in the Solar System are classified based on what properties?

A
  • Mass
  • Size
  • Location
127
Q

Enumerate the 5 dwarf planets.

A
  • Pluto
  • Eris
  • Ceres
  • Makemake
  • Haumea
128
Q

Earth’s physical environment is often described in terms of subsystems or spheres. Enumerate the 5 spheres.

A
  • Magnetosphere
  • Atmosphere
  • Hydrosphere
  • Biosphere
  • Lithosphere
129
Q

Describes the pocket of space surrounding our planet where charged particles are controlled by Earth’s magnetic field.

A

Magnetosphere

130
Q

It is a blanket of gases enveloping the Earth and retained by our planet’s gravity.

A

Atmosphere

131
Q

It is responsible for temperature and other weather pattern on Earth.

A

Atmosphere

132
Q

It blocks most of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation (UV), conducts solar radiation and precipitation through constantly moving air masses, and keeps our planet’s average surface temperature to about 15° Celsius.

A

Atmosphere

133
Q

Enumerate the 5 layers of the atmosphere (from the ground, towards the sky).

A
  1. Troposphere
  2. Stratosphere
  3. Mesosphere
  4. Thermosphere
  5. Exosphere
134
Q

75% to 80% of the total mass of the atmosphere; weather associated cloud types are found in this layer so most of the water vapor is present.

A

Troposphere

135
Q

It is the second layer of the Earth’s atmosphere. The temperature increases as altitude increases due to presence of ozone (O₃).

A

Stratosphere

136
Q

It absorbs the ultraviolet rays from the sun and releases some of this energy in the stratosphere.

A

Ozone

137
Q

It is the third layer of the Earth’s atmosphere. It is the coldest region in the atmosphere in the upper mesosphere. This layer protects the Earth from meteoroids.

A

Mesosphere

138
Q

It is the second highest layer of Earth’s atmosphere. The temperature can rise as high as 1500°C.

A

Thermosphere

139
Q

Between 80-550 km above the Earth is called the ___. It is used in sending radio waves to great distances.

A

Ionosphere

140
Q

It is the outermost layer of Earth’s atmosphere. Most of the orbiting satellites, as well as low density elements, like hydrogen and helium are found in this layer.

A

Exosphere

141
Q

This contains all living organisms and it is intimately related to the other three spheres: most living organisms require gases from the atmosphere, water from the hydrosphere, and nutrients and minerals from the geosphere.

A

Biosphere

142
Q

The divisions of biosphere; classified according to the predominant vegetation characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular climate.

A

Biomes

143
Q

Enumerate the 5 Biomes.

A
  1. Aquatic
  2. Forest
  3. Desert
  4. Tundra
  5. Taiga
144
Q

This includes freshwater and marine. (Type of Biome)

A

Aquatic

145
Q

This includes tropical, temperate, and boreal forest, as well as taiga. (Type of Biome)

A

Forest

146
Q

This is characterized by low rainfall. Most ___ have specialized vegetation as well as specialized animals that can adapt to its condition. (Type of Biome)

A

Desert

147
Q

It is the coldest of all the biomes. It has low biotic diversity and simple vegetation structure. (Type of Biome)

A

Tundra

148
Q

It is the Russian word for forest and is the largest biome in the world. It is located near top of the world, just below the tundra biome. (Type of Biome)

A

Taiga

149
Q

This makes up 71% of Earth’s surface and most of it is saltwater found in the oceans.

A

Hydrosphere

150
Q

Enumerate the 5 dwarf planets in the solar system.

A
  1. Ceres
  2. Pluto
  3. Haumea
  4. Makemake
  5. Eris
151
Q

Enumerate the 6 layers of the sun (outermost to innermost).

A
  1. Corona
  2. Chromosphere
  3. Photosphere
  4. Convective zone
  5. Radiative zone
  6. Core
152
Q

It is called the lopsided planet. It has upside down rings.

A

Uranus

153
Q

Enumerate the 3 Types of Asteroids in the Asteroid Belt.

A
  1. M Type (Metallic)
  2. C Type (Carbon)
  3. S Type (Silicate)
154
Q

The largest moon in Jupiter.

A

Ganymede

155
Q

The largest moon in Saturn.

A

Titan

156
Q

The name of Earth’s moon.

A

Luna

157
Q

Enumerate the 3 Types of Forests.

A
  1. Coniferous
  2. Deciduous
  3. Rainforest
158
Q

This is also known as the zone of life.

A

Biosphere

159
Q

The leaves in the trees of this type of forest change according to the seasons.

A

Deciduous Forest

160
Q

The trees in this type of forest are cone-bearing trees.

A

Coniferous Forest

161
Q

Part of the ocean that is partially surrounding a landform.

A

Sea

162
Q

A body of saltwater with almost no boundaries and limitless volume.

A

Ocean

163
Q

These divide the ocean from land to the sea.

A

Horizontal zones

164
Q

These divide the ocean based on depth and on the amount of penetrating sunlight.

A

Vertical zones

165
Q

The 2 Types of Ocean Zones

A
  1. Horizontal Zones

2. Vertical Zones

166
Q

This is the region which the sea bottom is exposed during low tide and is covered during high tide. Includes sea stars, sea urchins, and some species of corals.

A

Coastal Zone

167
Q

This is located seaward of the coastal zone’s low tide mark.

A

Pelagic Zone

168
Q

The 2 Types of Pelagic Zone

A
  1. Neritic Zone

2. Oceanic Zone

169
Q

This extends from the edge of the continental shelf, over the continental shelf, and over the ocean floor and is characterized by darkness.

A

Neritic Zone

170
Q

This lies above the continental shelf and begins in the low tide mark outward from the seashore and extends to a depth of 200 m. Many sea animals are found in this zone because sunlight penetrates the water.

A

Oceanic Zone

171
Q

Enumerate the 5 zones in Vertical Zones.

A
  1. Epipelagic Zone or Sunlight Zone
  2. Mesopelagic Zone or Twilight Zone
  3. Bathypelagic Zone or Midnight Zone
  4. Abyssopelagic Zone or Abyss
  5. Hadalpelagic Zone or Trenches
172
Q

It is the solid outer section of Earth.

A

Lithosphere

173
Q

The continents are locked up into a huge landmass that was proposed by Alfred Wegener.

A

Pangaea

174
Q

This theory proposes that the lithosphere is divided into major plates and smaller plates resting upon the lower soft layer called asthenosphere (upper mantle).

A

Plate Tectonic Theory

175
Q

The border between tectonic plates.

A

Boundary

ICE (6 decks)

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