early problems of Pak Flashcards
reaction to radcliffe award
17/8/1947
millions of objections to the boundaries he created, many MSH found themselves on the wrong side of the new borders
more M lost lives than SH combined
Jinnah denounced the award
main objections of M:
Ferozepur w M.M given to India
Gurdaspur w M.M also given to India. Jinnah thought this was done deliberately to give Indians a border to areas of Kashmir that rigfhtfully belonged to Pak
Calcutta went to India
sikhs wanted seperate sikh state (indian punjab)
chittagong hill tracks w H.M given to Pak for having vital economic rs w east bengal
geographical problems
no natural borders (rovers, mountains, seas)
EP = most of Bengal and Slyhet (no calcutta)
WP = west punjab, sindh, balochistan, nwfp and princely states
E and W pak were seperated by 1000 miles of land that belonged to India
political problems
India inherited govt buildings, furnishings and officials from British
India had ppl w political experience to take over the govt. they had experience of both election process and of holding political office. In Pak constituent assembly members = wealthy landowners w little political experience. ML (rural areas)
geographical distance bw EP & WP
over half the population of Pak = EP, majority of govt and army leaders = WP
lack of administrative and govt machinery to run affairs of a new country (capital, govt and officials needed)
jinnah = tuberculosis
economic problems
pak made up of underdeveloped states w v little industry 90% lived in countryside
only 8 towns w population over 100,000
not a wealthy country, major industry = agriculture which did not produce enough surplus to create the wealth needed for industrialisation
Jute: EP = 70% of the worlds crop. jute exports = major spurce of foreign exchanges, however no jute mill
social problems
Pakhtuns, Balochis, Sindhis, Punjabis, Bengalis
diff traditions, livestyles, culture, languages etc
some of them (balochistan & Bengal) were not sure they wanted to transfer allegience to Pak
Islam
accession of princely states
462 princely states
given the choice to join either India or Pak
for most, their location/religion made their choice a straightforward one
difficulty in some areas
Hyderabad:
largest princely state
population: 160M+
wealthy: annual revenue = 160M+ rs
Nizam wanted dominion status but mountbatten told him that would be impossible
N.M.M but the Nizam = Muslim hence favored joining Pak
however indian govt did not want this
pressure on Nizam to join India
Nizam = unwilling but finally entered a treaty in respect fo efence, foreign affairs and communnications
further pressure by Indians = 8/1948 hyderabad filed a complaint before the UN organsation
before it could be heard, Indian troops entered hyderabad, dismantled it and incorporated it into diff provinces in India
Junagadh:
small state on coast (300 miles south of karachi)
N.M population but Prince = M
join Pak
Indian govt sent troops to surround the state
blockade = junagadh short of food
Nov 1947 = Indian troops invaded and took control
Pak complained to the UNO but matter remians unresolved
Kashmir issue:
largest state in subcontinent
boundaries w china, ussr, afghanistan = stretegic importance
M.M, Hindu ruler
independence –> delay in joining
Hari singh did not treat Muslims well and in sept 1947 started a campaign to drive the Muslims out
200,000+ Muslims fled to Pak
Muslims rose in rebellion
Maharaja turned to India for help –> agreed to accede India
Pak sent troops
neither side strong enough for a long war
Jan 1948 mater referred to UNO
ceasefire
India retained largest area of Kashmir + capital srinagar
referendum in Kashmir one situation normalized (not held yet)
division of financial and military assets
agreed ratio for division of assets: India: Pak, 17: 5 (population based)
June 1947: agreed that pak would be paid 750million/4billion
first 200million rs paid
war overmkashmir broke out
Indian govt refused to give rest of money saying Pak wuld use it to buy more weapons, and agreed to give it only if Pak accepted Kashmir to be a part of India (wanted pak to be bankrupt)
Gandhi against this as he wanted a fair division of assets. persuaded Indian govt to pay rest of the money w the threat of hunger strike
successful and a further 500million was paid
military:
agreed that 36% to 44% should be split bw pak and India
armed forces given freedom to opt for whichever country they wanted
Muslim soldiers = Pak, nonn muslim = India
Paks army (150k men) needed 4k officers (only 2500 trained Muslim officers)
Jinnah forced to take 500 British officers temporarily
Indians once again failed to keep agreement as they didnt want Pak being militarily strong (kashmir)
all 16 ordinance factories were in India and they refused to hand over any
none in Pak capable of making military goods
India eventually paid 60million rs in liue of handing over ordinance factories –> used to build ordinance factory at wah
military supplies handed over by India = worn out
Pak started its existence w an extremely under resourced military force
canal water dispute
partition of Punjab
west punjab v fertile but had v hot and arid climate and scanty rainfall
agriculture dependent on canals which withdrew water from 3 main rivers in the are: Indus, jhelum and chenab
flow of water through canals controlled at a series of headworks most of which were in India
India promised it wouldnt interfere w the water supply in pak but soon they were in dispute over canals esp waters from bari doab canal
India claimed it had the right to do wtv it wanted since it had headworks
Pak argued it had no rights as its econommy depended on it
international court of justice India refused)
May 1948: temporary agreement: India allowed water to flow from west to east punjab long as pak agreed to find alternative water supply
wasn’t fully settled till Indus water treaty 1960
refugee crisis
violence in Pujab and other provinces even before partition
millions of Muslims forced to migrate to Pak
migrants attacked by Hindus and Sikhs
two million refugees in Karachi alone
poor resources of health shelter etc
more burden on a new underdeveloped country
many Muslim historians believe that Hinndus and Sikhs had organized a program for massacre of Muslim refugees
