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Med Past > Early-Middle Bronze Age > Flashcards

Early-Middle Bronze Age Flashcards

1
Q

Periods included

A
  • Mesopotamia - Early Dynastic I-IIIb, Ur I, Dyn of Akkad, Ur III, Babylon I
  • Egypt - Dynasties III-VI, (Old Kingdom), Dyn VI-XI (First Intermediate Period), Dyn XI-XIII (Middle Kingdom), Dyn XIII-XVII (Second Intermediate Period)
  • Palestine - Early Bronze Age (I-IV), MIddle Bronze Age (I-IIC)
  • Greece - Early Helladic I-III, M Helladic, L Helladic L
  • Crete - E Minoan II-III (Prepalatial Period), M Minoan IA- II (Protopalatial/Old Palace), M Minoan IIIA, IIIB, L Minoan IA (Neopalatial (New Palace))
  • Hati - Hittite Old Kingdom
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2
Q

Great Palace at Knossos

A

Middle Minoan IB, c1850 BC: First Palace built
Middle Minoan IIB, c1700 BC: destroyed by earthquake
Middle Minoan IIIA: Second Palace built; badly damaged by earthquake
Middle Minoan IIIB: Second Palace rebuilt; badly damaged by earthquake
Late Minoan IA: Second Palace rebuilt (again)

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3
Q

Emergence of Minoan ‘Palaces’

A
  • Minoan ‘Palaces’ = emergence of state
  • When, How and Why?
  • Why Crete?
  • Main features and functions? Palaces or Temples?
  • Who for?
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4
Q

Fall of Jericho

A
  • Mid 16th c BC
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5
Q

Sack of Babylon

A
  • Mid 16th c BC
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6
Q

Kerma Culture

A
  • 17th-16th BC
  • Uprisings became a problem for Egyptian kings in the Second Intermediate Period
  • Collaborated with Hyksos in 15th dyn
  • Distinctive luster high polished wares (pottery) and monumental architecture but no texts
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7
Q

2nd Cataract fortifications

A
  • largely associated with Senwosret III

- e.g. Buhen

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8
Q

Lahun Pyramid

A
  • In the fertile Fayoum area

- Pyramid of Senwosret II

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9
Q

Beni Hasan

A
  • Provincial centers remain important -almost a feudal set up
  • Large tombs of local governors continue to be built in an unbroken sequence from the first intermediate period to the 12th dynasty
  • In late 12th dynasty, there seems to be a reform and the tombs of provincial governors stop, and some officials are buried near the king at the Capital
  • Major provincial cemetery in Middle Egypt
  • Includes a group of Nubian traders in depictions on tombs
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10
Q

Lisht

A
  • 12th dynasty capital of Amenemhat I c.1940-1920 BC
  • Previously Thebes
  • One of the originators of many of the reforms of the Middle Kingdom but is assassinated
  • Amenemhat I resurrects straight forward pyramids near Lisht
  • New capital of Ishtawi for most of the Middle Kingdom
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11
Q

Murder of Amenemhat I

A
  • Dyn XII 1940-1910 BC
  • Assassinated - written down, nominally written by him but includes his assassination
  • Instruction of King Amenemhat I, gives record of his death and instructions on what to do after death to get into the afterlife
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12
Q

Great Ziggurat

A

Ur, Ur III Dynasty, 21st/20th c BC

-Some of the earliest material which is still surviving, although it has been heavily restored

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13
Q

Deir el-Bahari

A
  • Temple built by Mentuhotep II, reunified of Egypt after First Intermediate Period to the Middle Kingdom
  • Much more monumental building and more artistic and architectural originality
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14
Q

Dynasty of Akkad

A
  • First dynasty not focusing on Ur
  • Akkad, central mesopotamia
  • One of the first well documented periods
  • First major attempt at reunification of Mesopotamia and chunks of the Levant
  • Leaders include Sargon I and Naramsin
  • One of the first major imperial expansions
  • 23rd–22nd C BC
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15
Q

Saqarra

A
  • Step Pyramid - first pyramid and first major monument built of stone
  • Built in 2600 BC, Dynasty III for Djoser by architect Imhotep
  • Contains the earliest life sized statue of a pharaoh inside the tomb - limestone statue, traces of paint, precious stone eyes
  • Djoser’s name written in red ink on the Turin King list - recognition that the beginning of Dyn III marked something special/different - monumentally and politically as it is quite a feat to be able to amass the resources needed and construct a pyramid
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16
Q

Pepy II

A
  • Old Kingdom (Dyn VI, 2200 BC) comes to an end under his reign, followed by First Intermediate period
  • Last major pyramid (at South Saqqara) for centuries
  • After him, everything goes to shit - irregularities in Inundation/Nile heights, causing economic problems? Or he was old and senile, children fighting for the throne
  • Longest reigning king in history with 94 years of reignal, though contemporary records don’t go past the early 60s
17
Q

Yam

A
  • Another trading area in Kush/Nubia - location unknown

- Come on and slam, and welcome to the Yam

18
Q

The Punt Hunt

A
  • First record from the reign of Sahure, Dyn V
  • Trading expeditions lead to this country
  • Location unknown - thought to be on the coast of East Africa, Sudan, Eritrea or Ethiopia
  • Had to travel through the eastern desert and build ships on the Red Sea coast, then sailed down to Punt
  • Source of luxury goods
19
Q

Khufu boat

A
  • Giza, Dyn IV, 2500 BC
  • Found buried in a pit next to the Pyramids of Giza
  • Entirely built of traded Lebanese cedar
  • Wood also used to make furniture, such as that found in the tomb of Khufu’s mother - v high quality, rich, gold covered crafts
20
Q

Ur Early Dynastic

A
  • Mesopotamia not a unified entity to begin with - number of city states which vie for power
  • Elaborate gold objects from tombs e.g. gold rhyton and headdress of Queen Puabi
  • Dominated by Royal Tombs and a Ziggurat
21
Q

Seth-Horus Myth

A
  • Evidence for problems in the 2nd dynasty - tombs have been robbed, ransacked and burnt king lists have a gap,
  • Suggested that these events were turned into the Horus myth, depicted on a wall at Edfu
  • Could depict a real civil war or war between a family?
  • Difficulties between a king who followed Seth and one that followed Horus
22
Q

Naqada culture

A
  • Predynastic culture
  • 3400-3200 BC
  • Some of the best pottery from Egypt - quality went dramatically down hill when metal became the more popular material
  • Crouched, shallow desert pit burials with pots
  • Culture takes name from small Egyptian village
23
Q

White Temple

A

-Stone temple unusual for mesopotamia
-Niche paneled facade typical of early mesopotamian and egyptian monumental buildings - what kind of links exist between early meso and egypt?
Uruk, Uruk III c. 3000 BC

24
Q

Early Mesopotamian City-States

A

Uruk, Ur, Ubaid, Kish, Nippur

25
Q

Uruk

A
  • Stone cone temple
  • Predates anything monumental in Egypt by 400-500 years
  • Uruk Vi, 3400 BC
26
Q

Unification

A
  • 3000 BC
  • Narmer unifies south and north
  • Founded Egypt and first capital at Memphis, which is administrative center until the Roman period
  • Due to the water table little is known about early Memphis
  • Many officials of the time are buried overlooking Memphis
27
Q

Dashur

A
  • Dyn 4, Sneferu builds 3 pyramids at Dashur in his relatively short reign, indicating very robust economy
  • All a bit shit but a lot bigger/better than what came afterwards
28
Q

Byblos

A
  • Key trading node on the coast on the Levant - particularly important for Egypt as their trading route into the Levant
  • Also Lebanon very good source of pine and cedar wood - problem in Egypt and Mesopotamia is that their wood, mostly palm trees, is very shit and difficult to build with
29
Q

Story of Sinuhe

A

Story of Sinuhe, one of the classics of Egyptian literature, lots of copies of it including school boy copies
-Sinuhe, the hero, hears of Amenemhat I’s death, runs away from Egypt and to Syria-Palestine to have adventures

30
Q

Senwosret III

A
  • Reforms which centralise power and remove power from the provinces seem to be carried out by Senwosret III
  • Also has a lot to do with borders between Egypt and South Nubia
  • In the 12th dyn, border of Egypt regressed to 2nd cataract and fortification carried out around that border
  • Senwosret expands this to large fortress complex running for miles along the river
  • Buhen fortresses at Semna/Kumm narrows - two fortresses on either side of the river - military frontier to prevent raiders passing from Nubia to Egypt, and to enforce a trading monopoly for the state
  • Nubians could only come past the cataract to trade at an official trading post
31
Q

Sobekneferu

A
  • First female pharoah
  • Reigns for 4 years at the end of the 4th dynasty
  • Daughter of Amenemhat II? No male heirs?
  • Bit of a mess after her - no one line, self made commoner kings with short reigns
32
Q

Hyksos

A
  • Palestinian invaders of the 15th/16th/17th dynasty of the North East Delta who then expand downwards (second Intermediate Period)
  • Established themselves at Tell el-Daba
  • Collaborated with Kerma to push South while Kerma pushed North to restrict the native rulers to the area around Thebes/ into the desert
33
Q

Babylon I

A
  • King Hammurabi (of law code fame)

- 18th c BC

34
Q

Santorini

A
  • Eruption of Thera
  • Difference in pumice findings and carbon 14 dates
  • Appears to happen around the end of the Middle Bronze Age, around the 16th c
  • Contemporary to disasters such as fall of jericho, babylon, and hyksos and kerma invasions

Med Past (11 decks)

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