early life adversity, hormones and mood Flashcards

1
Q

lecture outline

A

early studies in ELA

HPA programming

prenatal adversity

insulin as key player in relationship between ELA and adult disease

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2
Q

affective disorders and different hormonal axes

A
  1. thyroid
  2. glucocorticoids
  3. ovarian hormones
  4. insulin

modulation of these hormonal axes can result in affective disorders

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3
Q

early papers: “the long-term prognosis for prematurely born children”, “a study on birthweight and intelligence”

A

approaching notion that early life is super important for health across lifetime

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4
Q

Kermak et al quote from The Lancet

A

“we are thus led to a picture which is unexpected. each generation after 5 years of age seems to carry along the same relative mortality throughout adulthood and even extreme old ages. figures behave as if expectation of life was determined by conditions which existed during a child’s earlier years”

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5
Q

Harlow Zimmerman monkey studies

A

monkey studies showed:

baby monkeys prefer the cloth “mother”

over the cage with the bottle

animal study looking at early development

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6
Q

Barker and Burnside

A

huge jump in the field - looking at HUMANS

used Burnside’s detailed notes on birth conditions of now old men

noticed association between BIRTH WEIGHT and risk for DISEASE in adulthood

arrived at METABOLIC ODDS RATIO

small babies = higher risk of mortality 80 years later

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7
Q

one problem with Barker/Burnside analysis

A

only examines birthweight

not other factors like if the baby was born at term or premature

there are also other factors that affect birthweight (ie. size of mother) that need to be considered

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8
Q

Barker/Burnside odds ratio

A

as birthweight increases, lower odds ratio for metabolic syndrome

among 407 men born in Hertfordshire

5.5 and lower = at a MUCH higher risk

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9
Q

in the 1940’s-1990’s, developed a better understanding of…

A
  1. stress response
  2. critical periods of development
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10
Q

HPA axis quick overview

A

when faced with stressors, there’s a sequence of responses

  1. sensory mechanisms of brain interpret stressor
  2. CRH and ACTH are released
  3. glucocorticoids travel through bloodstream
  4. but glucocorticoids travel back to brain and inhibit the axis

negative feedback!

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11
Q

classical studies: understanding of stress response

A

progressed during 1940’s-1990’s

negative feedback and glucocorticoid response unveiled

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12
Q

classical studies: critical periods of development

A

progressed during 1940’s-1990’s

  1. birth
  2. sensory development
  3. motor/language development
  4. higher cognition

develop different systems throughout infancy, childhood and adolescence

discovered that if animal is in early sensitive period (sensory stage) and experiences a big disruption, systems will be altered forever

like a scar in that system

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13
Q

example of effect of disrupting event/insufficient stimuli during critical period

A

myopia

if part of visual field doesn’t receive info early on, that part of field will be blind forever

HPA axis is subject to this all well

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14
Q

what happens if a stressor occurs during the development/programming of HPA axis?

A

will make the axis work differently forever

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15
Q

Liu et al important study SETUP

A

revolutionized the field

observed rats in cages and how their mothers cared for them - no intervention

let pups grow to adulthood

examined their HPA response to stress (ACTH secretion)

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16
Q

Liu et al important study FINDINGS part 1

A
  1. found a NORMAL DISTRIBUTION of maternal behaviour

a) HIGH care mothers and LOW care mothers

  1. both high and low maternal care receivers respond, but…

a) low care receivers respond MORE and it takes LONGER for their stress response to be shut down

negative feedback of low childhood care receivers is LESS EFFICIENT

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17
Q

Liu et al important study FINDINGS part 2

A
  1. looked at HIPPOCAMPUS

a) more glucocorticoid receptors in HIGH CARE rats - this facilitates NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

b) gene expression was different: transcription factor for glucocorticoid receptor gene

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18
Q

in high care rats, there were more ______ ______, which facilitates _____ _____

A

glucocorticoid receptors

negative feedback

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19
Q

gene expression different in LOW CARE rats

A

hippocampus of LOW CARE rats had different gene expression

transcription factor for glucocorticoid receptor gene

DNA methylation (epigenetic change) makes it harder for transcription factor to bind to gene

higher methylation in a place that made transcription harder for glucocorticoid receptors in rats who had received LOW CARE

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20
Q

programming of HPA axis in humans chart SETUP

A

birth weight is associated with cortisol stress response

  1. gave 10-12 year olds a social test that induced stress
  2. collected biological tissue and measured cortisol
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21
Q

programming of HPA axis in humans chart RESULTS

A
  1. those born small had higher cortisol response to acute stress
  2. with every single daily stressful event, there’s an increase in glucocorticoid response

a) chronic exposure to glucocorticoids has all sorts of effects

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22
Q

chronic exposure to glucocorticoids = increased risk for…

A
  1. obesity
  2. hyperglycaemia/insulin resistance
  3. atherosclerosis
  4. hypertension
  5. psychiatric conditions

and ELA leads to chronic exposure to glucocorticoids

23
Q

acute versus chronic stress

A

acute stress has adaptive value

but chronic stress is damaging

can cause DEPRESSIVE-LIKE and ANXIETY-LIKE behaviour

24
Q

chronic stress effects on brain

A

neuron growth in extended amygdala

dendritic shrinkage

alterations in inhibitory synapses

etc

25
Q

perinatal events that persistently program activity of offspring’s HPA axis

A
  1. intrauterine growth restriction
  2. chronic diseases during pregnancy
  3. natural variations in maternal care
  4. use of glucocorticoids during pregnancy
  5. smoking during pregnancy
  6. postnatal stress
26
Q

study: reduction of the material available for nest SETUP

A

study tried to postnatally induce ELA

CONTROL: lots of nesting material

INTERVENTION: bad quality material

27
Q

study: reduction of the material available for nest - intervention does what to mothers?

A

less material STRESSES out the dams, they have less attention to give to maternal behaviour

  1. longer time in pure contact (not nursing)
  2. higher frequency of less efficient nursing positions
28
Q

study: reduction of the material available for nest RESULTS

A
  1. ELS is associated with anxiety in the NSFT in female adults

a) rats responded more to stressors if they’d experienced ELS

  1. T3 and T4 expression was different in rats with ELS

a) implications for depression and anxiety

29
Q

small babies have…

A

smaller organs

increased risk for glucose intolerance, hypertension, diabetes etc

specifically talking about small babies born AT TERM

premature babies are different

30
Q

IUGR

A

intrauterine growth restriction

31
Q

IUGR results from…

A

a failure to achieve a higher growth potential

causes: diseases in pregnancy (hypertension, obesity, diabetes)

generally caused by placenta not functioning optimally - impaired nutrient transfer to fetus

32
Q

IUGR occurs in what % of all births?

A

10%

33
Q

SGA

A

small for gestational age

34
Q

SGA is a marker of…

A

IUGR

35
Q

IUGR puts you at long-term risk for…

A
  1. noncommunicable diseases

a) type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, mental health issues, lung disease etc

  1. puts you at higher risk for morbidity/mortality at every age

a) not deterministic, but probabilistic

36
Q

SGA as model of altered brain insulin function

A

observation that babies born small are more IMPULSIVE towards rewarding foods

this behaviour, over life course, contributes to increased risk for obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease

37
Q

observation that babies born small are more IMPULSIVE towards rewarding foods

A
  1. marshmallow test with 3 year olds

a) kids born small can’t wait for the sweet reward

b) increased intake of palatable food, independent of current body weight

  1. neuroimaging study of adolescents of varied birth weights

a) showed different pictures (hamburgers, broccoli, and neutral ie. table)

b) measured brain activation in responses

c) when adolescents who were born small see palatable food, they activate more areas of INHIBITORY control

38
Q

what happens to adolescents who were born small when they see palatable food?

A

neuroimaging shows they activate more areas of INHIBITORY CONTROL

trying to refrain from an impulse

39
Q

brain insulin action

A

neuromodulator - modifies membrane potentials, influences synaptogenesis and neurotransmission

affects the VTA (ventral tegmental area)

40
Q

insulin action within the VTA

A
  1. fusiform gyrus
    a) object recognition (including food)
    b) processing of positive emotions
    c) reward
  2. hippocampus
    a) memory formation
  3. PFC
    a) integration of sensory info
    b) inhibitory control of eating
  4. hypothalamus
    a) central regulator of whole-body energy homeostasis
    b) homeostatic control of food intake
41
Q

catch up growth is dependent on what?

A

insulin

42
Q

catch up growth is related to what in children?

A

impulsivity

and catch up growth is an insulin dependent process

43
Q

smaller pancreas means…

A

less insulin production

means that sensitivity of peripheral insulin cells will INCREASE

increase in sensitivity means MORE RECEPTORS

so small babies are born with HIGHER INSULIN SENSITIVITY

44
Q

higher insulin sensitivity means…

A

glucose will be used a lot more than normal

so baby is born small, and then grows super FAST

45
Q

degree of catch up growth is an indirect way of measuring…

A

how altered insulin secretion is

can look at graph and look at the delta/change in percentiles as a measure of insulin function

46
Q

degree of catch up growth is directly linked to impulsivity levels…

A

only in those who were born small

(and who also have insulin-sensitivity)

47
Q

insulin rPRS calculation

A

trying to estimate insulin sensitivity using genotypes

GWAS study - identify which gene variants are related to high fasting insulin levels

can they say, ok, this child has a higher/lower risk for high fasting insulin

48
Q

GWAS

A

genome wide association study

take large number of participants, divide them according to a feature/characteristic

map that onto another measure (ie. high fasting insulin levels)

49
Q

as adversity increases, there’s a ____ in impulsivity only in which kids?

A

impulsivity

kids with higher risk for fasting insulin

higher adversity = higher fasting insulin = higher impulsivity

50
Q

neuroimaging study: resting state connectivity

A

resting state connectivity: people look at cross on screen, empty mind

get data on connectivity between diff areas

compare resting connectivity of SMALL versus NORMAL birth weight

difference in connectivity between orbital PFC and other parts of PFC

51
Q

small/normal birth weight: diffs in resting state connectivity

A

difference in connectivity between ORBITAL PFC and other areas of PFC

area involved in willingness to wait for/work for a reward, economic tasks, calculating rewards/costs

52
Q

study to complement resting state connectivity data SETUP

A

saw that smaller-born individuals had different resting state connectivity between orbital PFC and other areas of PFC

wanted to map this onto behaviour

had them fast the night before, because they were having their blood taken

afterwards, gave them cafeteria voucher

told them to return any remaining money

53
Q

study to complement resting state connectivity data RESULTS

A

small-born adolescents…

a. gave more money back (as if they didn’t catch onto the value of it)

b. gave more money back (went for the cheaper, more junk-food options)

caused by alteration in the brain areas that make value attributions?