Early Civilizations to the Rise of the Nation State Flashcards
what is a more creditable reason for the rise of Europe rather than environmental determinism
Social organisation and the emergence of capitalism really explains the rise of Europe
what is jared diamonds main argument
environment determines society and the physical geography of an area is the key factor that made the europeans successful.
what are jared diamonds arguments 1997 for europeans environment being beneficial to them
- indigenous plants enabled the creation of strong agricultural societies
- if you live in an agricultural society population is more dense causing creation of ideas and efficiency
how did diamond explain the process of environmental determinism benefiting europeans
ultimate factors lead to proximate factors
what are ultimate factors
things like native plants and wild animal species
what are proximate factors
guns, steel and political organisation
Who had the biggest counter argument to jared diamond
james blaut 1999
what were James Blauts main counter arguments
social organisation through the process of colonial capitalism gave europeans an advantage.
what were James Blauts main evidences for his argument agains jared diamond
- Agricultural societies across the world independently.
- Existing societies were more sophisticated.
- idea that Europe was in a process of linear growth is naive as societies such as greek progressed then regressed.
- ultimate factors can be found anywhere
- neglects choice, belief systems and religions
- diamond had geographical and historical errors.
- trajectories of humans in china in 15th and 16th century, china was richer healthcare and better quality of life.
- Europe was similar to other places in the world until 16th century.
what was considered the watershed year for European colonial capitalism
1492
what occurred in 1492
changes to modes or production lead to development of civilisations from agricultural societies.
what did the development of civilisations lead to
a surplus production in food allowing differentiation in jobs.
what did the differentiation in jobs cause after the development of societies
uneven distribution of food within societies creating feudal societies
what does economy refer to
the interrelated process of production, circulation, exchange and consumption
what is political economy
the production and accumulation of wealth and the distribution of surplus produced
what is production
land labour and capital
what is a mode of production
the economic and social systems that determine how resources are deployed and wealth distributed.
what are 4 different modes of production
hunter gatherer
kin orientated
tributary or feudalism societies
capitalism
what is a hunter gather modes or production
hunter gather society as previously learnt (communistic due to lack of job variations, sustainable and independent
what are kin orientated modes of production
basic agricultural societies, tend to be organised around family
what are Tributary or Feudalism society
one ruler rules over collects taxes, society is stratified, people work for the people at the top (eg. farmers and slaves producing food and other commodities to help people ‘at the top of society’)
what is a Capitalism mode of production
Found today in around 95% of the world. The ability to save money to use as capital, paying wage labour.
what are the differences between capitalism and feudalism
- capitalism is more based on paying taxes to someone with more capital
- feudalism is more about paying taxes to those with authoritative power such as a king or queen.
when did capitalism first emerge
around 500 years ago
what is capitalisms main idea
idea of saving capital to employ wage labour to make commodities for sale in markets.
what are the four factors that are needed for a state
- Political organisation
- Social stratification
- Territorial defined
- Monopolistic control of violence
what orrucred in 1492 to have such a prolific change within the world.
rise of European colonial capitalism, re distributed affluence and impoverishment. also lead to great technological progression.
what is thought to be environmental determinism biggest counter argument
environmental determinism didn’t lead to the europeans being superior, it was rather the development of a new mode of production: capitalism.
who developed early agriculutre
Egyptians
how did the Egyptians develop a civilisation from agricultural society
agricultural societies developed a surplus of food.
population density increased allowing the spreading of ideas and talent.
this lead to the development of civilisations.
what did surplus production allow
differentiation of jobs
how did surplus of production and differentiation of jobs cause uneven distribution
the distribution of the Suplus determines the success of failure of a civilisation. differentiation of jobs causes people to have different roles meaning they have different wealth
how can nature cause the fall of a civilisation
natural hazards.
