Early Civilizations to the Rise of the Nation State

Question 1

what is a more creditable reason for the rise of Europe rather than environmental determinism

Answer 1

Social organisation and the emergence of capitalism really explains the rise of Europe

Question 2

what is jared diamonds main argument

Answer 2

environment determines society and the physical geography of an area is the key factor that made the europeans successful.

Question 3

what are jared diamonds arguments 1997 for europeans environment being beneficial to them

Answer 3

• indigenous plants enabled the creation of strong agricultural societies
• if you live in an agricultural society population is more dense causing creation of ideas and efficiency

Question 4

how did diamond explain the process of environmental determinism benefiting europeans

Answer 4

ultimate factors lead to proximate factors

Question 5

what are ultimate factors

Answer 5

things like native plants and wild animal species

Question 6

what are proximate factors

Answer 6

guns, steel and political organisation

Question 7

Who had the biggest counter argument to jared diamond

Answer 7

james blaut 1999

Question 8

what were James Blauts main counter arguments

Answer 8

social organisation through the process of colonial capitalism gave europeans an advantage.

Question 9

what were James Blauts main evidences for his argument agains jared diamond

Answer 9

• Agricultural societies across the world independently.
• Existing societies were more sophisticated.
• idea that Europe was in a process of linear growth is naive as societies such as greek progressed then regressed.
• ultimate factors can be found anywhere
• neglects choice, belief systems and religions
• diamond had geographical and historical errors.
• trajectories of humans in china in 15th and 16th century, china was richer healthcare and better quality of life.
• Europe was similar to other places in the world until 16th century.

Question 10

what was considered the watershed year for European colonial capitalism

Answer 10

1492

Question 11

what occurred in 1492

Answer 11

changes to modes or production lead to development of civilisations from agricultural societies.

Question 12

what did the development of civilisations lead to

Answer 12

a surplus production in food allowing differentiation in jobs.

Question 13

what did the differentiation in jobs cause after the development of societies

Answer 13

uneven distribution of food within societies creating feudal societies

Question 14

what does economy refer to

Answer 14

the interrelated process of production, circulation, exchange and consumption

Question 15

what is political economy

Answer 15

the production and accumulation of wealth and the distribution of surplus produced

Question 16

what is production

Answer 16

land labour and capital

Question 17

what is a mode of production

Answer 17

the economic and social systems that determine how resources are deployed and wealth distributed.

Question 18

what are 4 different modes of production

Answer 18

hunter gatherer
kin orientated
tributary or feudalism societies
capitalism

Question 19

what is a hunter gather modes or production

Answer 19

hunter gather society as previously learnt (communistic due to lack of job variations, sustainable and independent

Question 20

what are kin orientated modes of production

Answer 20

basic agricultural societies, tend to be organised around family

Question 21

what are Tributary or Feudalism society

Answer 21

one ruler rules over collects taxes, society is stratified, people work for the people at the top (eg. farmers and slaves producing food and other commodities to help people ‘at the top of society’)

Question 22

what is a Capitalism mode of production

Answer 22

Found today in around 95% of the world. The ability to save money to use as capital, paying wage labour.

Question 23

what are the differences between capitalism and feudalism

Answer 23

• capitalism is more based on paying taxes to someone with more capital
• feudalism is more about paying taxes to those with authoritative power such as a king or queen.

Question 24

when did capitalism first emerge

Answer 24

around 500 years ago

Question 25

what is capitalisms main idea

Answer 25

idea of saving capital to employ wage labour to make commodities for sale in markets.

Question 26

what are the four factors that are needed for a state

Answer 26

• Political organisation
• Social stratification
• Territorial defined
• Monopolistic control of violence

Question 27

what orrucred in 1492 to have such a prolific change within the world.

Answer 27

rise of European colonial capitalism, re distributed affluence and impoverishment. also lead to great technological progression.

Question 28

what is thought to be environmental determinism biggest counter argument

Answer 28

environmental determinism didn’t lead to the europeans being superior, it was rather the development of a new mode of production: capitalism.

Question 29

who developed early agriculutre

Answer 29

Egyptians

Question 30

how did the Egyptians develop a civilisation from agricultural society

Answer 30

agricultural societies developed a surplus of food.
population density increased allowing the spreading of ideas and talent.
this lead to the development of civilisations.

Question 31

what did surplus production allow

Answer 31

differentiation of jobs

Question 32

how did surplus of production and differentiation of jobs cause uneven distribution

Answer 32

the distribution of the Suplus determines the success of failure of a civilisation. differentiation of jobs causes people to have different roles meaning they have different wealth

Question 33

how can nature cause the fall of a civilisation

Answer 33

natural hazards.