EAPP: Lesson 2 - Critical Reading, Writing, and Thinking Flashcards
Reading beyond the lines (inferring)
Critical reading
Judging an idea in a text whether it is valid or invalid (evaluation)
Critical thinking
This is what you use when the text is STATED only
Critical thinking
This is what you use when the text is IMPLIED
Critical reading and thinking
In METHODS OF CRITICAL READING, this is basing on what is said
Inferencing
In METHODS OF CRITICAL READING, this is basing on words expressed in the text
Context clue
In METHODS OF CRITICAL READING, this is basing in knowledge of figurative tool
Figures of speech
This is a “writer’s tool”, words or phrases that transcends what they mean
Figures of speech
- Getting an overview
- Activate schemata
- Skimming and scanning
- Checking features of the academic text
Pre-reading
- Monitor comprehension
- Organize information
- Note-taking, highlighting, marginal notes
- Creating graphic organizers
While reading
- Evaluating and using information
- Uses critical thinking and reading
Post-reading
It is an active process of discovery. not easily believing the information you receive
Critical reading
In HOW TO BECOME A CRITICAL READER, this is
- writing comments on the text
- drawing conclusions
- identify one’s area of confusion
- forces the brain to slow down
Annotate
In HOW TO BECOME A CRITICAL READER, this is
- listing down the main points of the writer
- identifying the ideas
- Roman numerals, capitalized letters, etc.
Outline
In HOW TO BECOME A CRITICAL READER, this is
- Writing the gist of the text in your own words
- cite general observations
requires clearest overview
Summarize
4 key points in making a Summary
- Comprehensive
- Concise
- Independent
- Coherent
The summary should not
leave out any indispensable idea.
Comprehensive
Eliminate repetitions in your list, even if the author restates the same points.
Concise
Should not sound like an ugly
imitation of the original
Independent
The summary should not look like a set of random disconnected ideas (unity)
Coherent
Given that the author’s idea was written in the past,
which tense of the verb should I use in my
summary?
Use the present tense (often called the historical present tense) to summarize the
author’s argument. Ex. Green (YEAR) contends that the Republicans…
In HOW TO BECOME A CRITICAL READER, this is
- questioning author’s purpose and intention
Evaluate the text
In HOW TO BECOME A CRITICAL READER, this is
- identifying logical fallacies committed
Spot flaws in reasoning
In HOW TO BECOME A CRITICAL READER, this is
- a level higher then summarizing
- many references combined into 1 paper
- common characteristics
- e.g. systematic review
Synthesizing
In HOW TO BECOME A CRITICAL READER, this is
- formulating someone else’s idea in your own words without changing original meaning
- most information in condensed form
Paraphrasing
4 R’s of paraphrasing
- Reword
- Realize
- Rearrange
- Recheck
Use of synonyms
Reword
You can’t reword some texts
Realize
Achieve fluidity in the text by arranging
Rearrange
Your text has the same meaning with the
original source
Recheck
Attacking the person instead of the issue
Argumentum Ad Hominem
Use of person’s popularity/authority
E.g. Mas maganda sa UST kasi don graduate si Rizal.
Argumentum Ad Vericundiam
Use of pity or sympathy
E.g. ‘Wag niyo na po ako ibagsak, mahirap lang kami.
Argumentum Ad Misericordiam
Believing that the majority is always right.
E.g. Wala na dapat pasok UST SHS kasi wala ng pasok buong levels sa UST.
Argumentum Ad Populum
Absence of knowledege/evidence means not true
E.g. “San Carlos is the oldest university in Asia because a Thomasian who was
nterviewed could not give a proof of that UST is.”
Argumentum Ad Ignorantiam
Connecting one event to another when there may be no connection at all.
E.g. May lagnat ka dahil sa kakacellphone mo ‘yan.
Fallacy of Post Hoc Ergo, Propter Hoc
Something that appears to only have one question when there could be two or more.
E.g. How did you kill him? (looks like nagtatanong lang what’s the process pero pag sinagot mo that also means yes kaya you answered two questions na)
Fallacy of Complex Questions
Circular definitions
E.g. This moisturizing lotion moisturizes my skin.
Fallacy of Petitio Principii
Press an issue using one’s authority
E.g. Tama ako kasi mas matanda ako sa’yo.
Argumentum Ad Baculum
Force an issue in exchange for something (blackmailing)
Fallacy of Advantage
Applying a general rule to a particular case when circumstances suggest that an exception to the rule should apply.
E.g. Freedom of speech is a right. Therefore, Leo should not be arrested for his speech that incited the riot last week.
Fallacy of Accident
Drawing a general conclusion from insufficient particular cases
E.g. “All of the five Malaysians I met last week do not speak English well, thus, most Malaysians do not speak English well.”
FALLACY OF CONVERSE ACCIDENT / HASTY GENERALIZATION
Wrongly inferring that what holds true of the individuals automatically holds true of the group made up of those individuals
E.g. Trees are made of atoms and atoms are invisible to the eye, therefore, trees are invisible to the eye.
FALLACY OF COMPOSITION
Wrongly assuming that what is true in general is true in particular
E.g. PNP is one of the most corrupt agencies of the government. Therefore, these three policemen cannot be trusted”
FALLACY OF DIVISION
Errors in grammar resulting in change in meaning
E.g. The governor says, ‘Save soap and waste paper. ‘ So soap is more valuable than paper.
FALLACY OF AMPHIBOLY
Use of the same word twice but with different meanings
E.g. I have seen that scene before.
FALLACY OF EQUIVOCATION
Statements that lack punctuations and become open for many
interpretations
Statements containing a word which may be interpreted in more ways than one
E.g. Please don’t stop kissing me.
E.g. Please don’t, stop kissing me
FALLACY OF ACCENT
