ANAPHY: Lymphatic System and Body Defenses Flashcards
What are the two (2) two semi-independent parts of the Lymphatic system?
- Lymphatic vessel
- Lymphoid tissues and organs
Give two (2) functions of the Lymphatic system
Transports escaped fluids from cardiovascular system back to the blood and plays essential roles in body defense and resistance to diseases.
Consists of excess tissue fluid and plasma proteins carried by lymphatic vessels
Lymph
________ occurs as fluid accumulates in tissues.
Edema (swelling/pamamanas)
What is the function of the lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)
pick up excess fluid (lymph) and return it to the blood
What is the function of the lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)
pick up excess fluid (lymph) and return it to the blood
Form a one-way system and lymph flows only toward the heart
Lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)
Weave between tissue cells and blood capillaries
Lymph capillaries
Give three (3) more functions of the lymph capillaries aside from the weave between tissue cells etc.
Walls overlap to form flaplike minivalves, capillaries are anchored to connective tissue by filaments, and higher pressure on the inside closes minivalves
What is the Lymphatic collecting vessels
- Collect lymph from lymph capillaries
- Carries lymph to and away from lymph nodes
- Return fluid to circulatory veins near the heart
Two ducts in the lymphatic collecting vessels
Right lymphatic duct and Thoracic duct
Drains the lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax
Right lymphatic duct
Drains lymph from the rest of the body
Thoracic duct
Lymphatic vessels are similar to veins of the cardiovascular system because…
- thin-walled
- larger vessels have valves
- low-pressure pumpless system
Lymph transport is aided by:
- Milking action of skeletal muscle
- Pressure changes in thorax during breathing
- Smooth muscle in walls of lymphatics
Filter lymph before it is returned to the blood
Lymph nodes
What ar the harmful materials filtered by lymph nodes?
- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Cancer cells
- Cell debris
What are the defense cells within lymph nodes?
- Macrophages
- Lymphocytes
Engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances in lymph
Macrophages
Respond to foreign substances in lymph
Lymphocytes
Respond to foreign substances in lymph
Lymphocytes
Descriptions about lymph nodes
- kidney-shaped
- less than 1 inch long
- buried in connective tissue
Cortex (outer part) of the Lymphatic nodes cointains…
- Contains follicles - collection of “lymphocytes”
- Germinal centerns enlarge when antibodies are released by plasma cells
Medulla (inner part) of the Lymphatic nodes contains…
Contains phagocytic “macrophages”
Flow of lymph through nodes
- Enters through afferent lymphatic vessels
- Flows through sinuses inside node
- Exits through efferent lymphatic vessels
Other lymphoid organs? Give 5
STTPA
- Spleen
- Thymus
- Tonsils
- Peyer’s patchers
- Appendix
Other lymphoid organs? Give 5
STTPA
- Spleen (left side ng stomach)
- Thymus
- Tonsils
- Peyer’s patchers
- Appendix
Filters and cleans blood of bacteria, virus, and debris
Spleen
Found overlying in the heart and prduces T-lymphocytes
Thymus
Small masses of lymphoid tissue deep to the mucosa surrounding the pharynx (throat)
Tonsils
______ results when the tonsils become congested with bacteria
Tonsillitis
Found in the wall of the small intestine and has macrophages
Peyer’s patches
Found in the wall of the small intestine and contain macrophages
Peyer’s patches
What does MALT mean?
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
What organs are included in Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)?
- Peyer’s patches
- Tonsils
- Appendix
Acts as a sentinel (indicator of disease) to protect respiratory and digestive tracts
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
What are Innate (nonspecific) defense system?
- Protects against a variety of invaders
- Responds immediately
What are Adaptive (specific) defense system?
- Fights invaders that get past innate system
- Specific defense for each type of invader
Highly specific resistance to disease is ______
Immunity
Mechanical barriers to pathogens
Innate body defenses
Innate body defenses include:
- Body surface coverings (intact skin and mucous membranes)
- Specialized human cells
- Chemicals produces by the body
Provide the first line of defense against invasion of microorganisms
Surface membrane barriers
First line of defense against invasion of microorganisms
Surface membrane barriers
Second line of defense
Cells and chemicals (Natural killer cells and phagocytes)
_____ lyse (burst) and kill cancer cells and virus-infected cells.
Natural killer (NK) cells
NK cells release chemicals called _____ and ______ to degrade target cell contents
perforin and granzymes
Triggered when body tissues are injured
Inflammatory response
Four most common indicators (cardinal signs) of acute inflammation
RHPS
- Redness
- Heat
- Pain
- Swelling (edema)
Damaged cells release inflammatory chemicals called ____ and ____
Histamine and Kinin
Functions of the inflammatory response
- Prevents spread of damaging agents
- Disposes of cell debris and pathogen thru phagocytosis
- Sets the stage for repair
Most important types of antimicrobial proteins
- Complement proteins
- Interferon
What does MAC mean?
Membrane Attack Complex
Small proteins secreted by virus-infected cells
Interferon
Small proteins secreted by virus-infected cells
Interferon
Complement proteins are 20 ______
plasma proteins
Abnormally high body temperature
Fever
________ regulates body temperature at 37°C
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus thermostat can be reset higher by _______ (secreted by WBC)
pyrogens
Why does our body get hotter when something is wrong with the body?
- It is because high temperature inibits the release of iron and zinc (needed by bacteria) from the liver and spleen. Also, fever increases the speed of repair
Third line of defense
Adaptive body defenses
Three aspects of adaptive defense
- Antigen-specific
- Systemic
- Memory
Two arms of the adative body defense system
- Humoral immunity - antibody-mediated immunity
- Cellular immunity - cell-mediated immunity
Any substance capable of exciting the immune system and provoking an immune response
Antigens
