EA01 - Introduction to Culture

Question 1

_________ is a shared set of traditions, belief systems, and behaviors and is shaped by many factors, including history, religion, politics, and resources (financial, informational, technological, material, energy, warfare, and human).

Answer 1

.Culture

Question 2

____________ are the most powerful or the most widely practiced cultures in a particular society, whether the society is a region or an entire country.

A) Macro-cultures
B) Micro-cultures

Answer 2

A) Macro-cultures

Question 3

____________ are also called “subcultures.” They are described as a group of people living within a larger society who share values, beliefs, behaviors, status, or interests that are different from the macro-culture or the rest of society.

Answer 3

B) Micro-cultures

Question 4

Define Holism:

Answer 4

Means that all the parts of a culture are interconnected and integrated.

Question 5

A ________ is a cognitive “shortcut” that helps us organize and interpret the vast amount of information that exists in our environment.

Answer 5

schema

Question 6

Give an example of symbols?

Answer 6

Dog symbolizes loyalty in U.S. culture, for example, while a rat usually does not.

Question 7

The sum of beliefs and values that people use to define and interpret the world, and their place within it. What is the term for the definition above?

Answer 7

Worldview

Question 8

Air University has defined Cross-Cultural Competence (3C) –

Answer 8

The ability to quickly and accurately comprehend, and then appropriately and effectively act in a culturally complex environment to achieve the desired effect.

Question 9

_____________ is understanding basic concepts like culture, relativism, ethnocentrism, and holism.

A) Culture-general knowledge
B) Culture-specific education

Answer 9

A) Culture-general knowledge:

Question 10

_____________ is An approach that emphasizes specific aspects of particular cultures, affording individuals much of the knowledge and/or skills necessary to interact more competently with individuals of other cultural backgrounds.

A) Culture-general knowledge
B) Culture-specific education

Answer 10

B) Culture-specific education

Question 11

Define Ethnocentrism:

Answer 11

The human tendency to negatively judge others (cultures, behaviors, values) against our own values and beliefs.

Question 12

Relativism (as an attitude):

Answer 12

The conviction that the beliefs and practices of others are best understood in light of the particular cultures where they are found.

Question 13

Relativism (as a behavior):

Answer 13

Temporarily suspending one’s own culturally informed opinion and thinking about how others might interpret or value a situation.

Question 14

Three specific skills that emerge as key to successful cross-cultural interactions are:

Answer 14

 Communicate to avoid misunderstandings;
 Negotiate to overcome differences and resolve conflicts; and
 Relate with individuals from other cultures to work effectively

Question 15

_______________ is a cognitive process by which an individual is able to identify the thoughts and/or feelings of another culture.

Answer 15

Cultural perspective taking

Question 16

Leaders at every level can develop cultural perspective taking by recognizing:

Answer 16

• Needs and values of individuals/groups from another culture
• Local norms, values, beliefs, and behaviors
• How people from another culture will respond to one’s own actions/comments
• The importance of norms for interaction
• How violating cultural norms can negatively impact interactions

Question 17

_______________ is the visible act or consideration to act in favor of or against a person or thing based on the group, class, or category to which that person/thing belongs, rather than on individual merit.

A) Ethnocentrism
B) Stereotypes
C) Prejudice
D) Discrimination

Answer 17

D) Discrimination

Question 18

_____________ is the creation of an adverse or unreasonable opinion about a person or group without gathering all the facts and is usually based on deeply held beliefs.

A) Ethnocentrism
B) Stereotypes
C) Prejudice
D) Discrimination

Answer 18

C) Prejudice

Question 19

_____________ a fixed or distorted generalization about all members of a particular group that share a particular diversity.

A) Ethnocentrism
B) Stereotypes
C) Prejudice
D) Discrimination

Answer 19

B) Stereotypes

Question 20

_____________ judging others’ cultures against one’s own (i.e. superior/inferior)

A) Ethnocentrism
B) Stereotypes
C) Prejudice
D) Discrimination

Answer 20

A) Ethnocentrism

Question 21

What does OODA stand for?

Answer 21

(Observe, Orient, Decide, Act)

Question 22

The __________ step involves focused attention on your environment and gathering information through all five senses.

Answer 22

Observation

Question 23

We begin this step by first attempting to make sense of what we are observing by categorizing (organizing) the data in a practical way that is useful to us. This is the _________ step.

Answer 23

Orient

Question 24

In the _______ step, we consider all the courses of action developed and choose one to move forward with based on our options and understanding of the situation.

Answer 24

Decide

Question 25

The success of the OODA Loop depends on the action(s) selected and taken. In the _____ step, you review what you have decided to do, take action, and then reflect on how you executed your decision.

Answer 25

Act

Question 26

What is Cross-cultural communication as?

Answer 26

defined as the “Knowledge, motivation, and skills to interact effectively and appropriately with members of different cultures.”

Question 27

_________________ is a speaker’s implicit, internalized knowledge of the rules of their native language.

Answer 27

Linguistic competence

Question 28

_________________ is understanding how to properly communicate in another language or culture.

Answer 28

Communication competence

Question 29

What is the definition of Impression management?

Answer 29

Defined as “Deliberate and motivated self-presentation

Question 30

What are the two parts of Impression Managment?

Answer 30

1) Projection

2) Attribution

Question 31

Define Projection:

Answer 31

the image we want others to have of us

Question 32

Define Attribution:

Answer 32

how others actually view us.

Question 33

What are the sub-types of Attribution?

Answer 33

Emotion regulation, Self-monitoring, and Perceptual acuity.

Question 34

_____________ is the ability to manage, modify, and use our emotions toward constructive outcomes. Nonverbal communication scholars describe it as the most important predictor of cross-cultural adjustment and adaptation.

Answer 34

Emotion regulation

Question 35

_____________ is our ability to detect appropriateness of our social behaviors and self-presentation in response to situational constraints and to adjust our behaviors to fit the situation.

Answer 35

Self-monitoring

Question 36

____________ is the ability to perceive a communication situation accurately. It involves attentiveness to both verbal and nonverbal elements of a conversation and takes into consideration the importance of context.

Answer 36

Perceptual acuity

Question 37

Individuals who are high self-monitors tend to

Answer 37

more effective in foreign cultures because a high self-monitor tends to read the social situation first and then present an appropriate response, as opposed to simply presenting a consistent image of self in every situation.

Question 38

Which is an example of a high self-monitor?

A) “Who does this situation want me to be? How can I be that person?”

B) “Who am I and how can I be me in this situation?”

Answer 38

A) “Who does this situation want me to be? How can I be that person?”

Question 39

What are the patterns of Low-Context Communication (LCC)?

(Found in such countries as Germany, U.S., Sweden):

Answer 39

1. Individualistic values
2. Linear logic
3. Direct verbal style
4. Matter-of-fact tone
5. Informal verbal style
6. Function of communication is to convey information

Question 40

What are the patterns of High-Context Communication (HCC)?

Found in such countries as Japan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Nigeria, Mexico

Answer 40

1. Collectivistic values (hierarchy and priority of the group)
2. Communication functions as a social lubricant
3. Indirect/allusive verbal style
4. A relationship is more important than the message